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Reference | Analysis | Markers | Aim | Main findings |
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[12] | ELISA | IL-1β | To find the difference in the IL-1β levels between healthy control and CP patients. To find the relationship between clinical parameters and IL-1β levels. | The levels of IL-1β increased in accordance with progression of periodontal disease. |
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[13] | ELISA | Resistin | To measure and compare the levels of resistin in GCF in healthy subjects, chronic periodontitis, and diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) patients. | The level of resistin increased in CP and T2DM patients. Hereafter, the level of resistin in GCF could be considered as a biomarker for periodontitis in T2DM patients. |
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[14] | ELISA | TNF-α | To measure TNF-α levels in GCF and in serum, and to find the effect of periodontal disease on TNF-α levels. | TNF-α level in GCF could be used as a biomarker for periodontal disease. |
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[15] | ELISA | Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) | To determine MCP-1 levels in GCF, serum, and saliva, and to evaluate the effect of periodontal therapy on MCP-1 levels. | GCF and saliva MCP-1 levels could be used as biomarkers to indicate the severity of periodontal disease. |
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[16] | ELISA | Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) | To evaluate PGE2 levels in GCF in healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease, before and after treatment. | The levels of PGE2 positively correlated to the severity of periodontal disease. |
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[17] | SPM | Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | To compare GCF ALP levels in patients with CP before and after nonsurgical periodontal treatment. | GCF ALP levels could monitor the periodontal disease status and effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment. |
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[18] | SPM | ALP | To measure the GCF ALP levels in different periodontal disease stages. | ALP levels increased with periodontal disease progression. Thus it could be considered a good biomarker for periodontal disease progression. |
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[19] | ELISA | Oncostatin M (OSM) | To determine the level of OSM in GCF of gingivitis and CP patients and to evaluate the effect of periodontal treatment on level of OSM. | Levels of OSM correlated to the clinical periodontal parameters (PD and CAL) and could be used as a biomarker for periodontal disease. |
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[20] | ELISA | Cortisol | To measure the levels of salivary and GCF cortisol in anxious and nonanxious patients with CP. | Anxiety had a positive effect on periodontal disease and the levels of cortisol in GCF can be considered a biomarker for CP. |
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[21] | ELISA | Plasma glutathione peroxidase (eGPx) | To determine the eGPx levels in GCF to clarify the effect of oxidants and antioxidants on periodontal disease. | There was a positive correlation between the levels of eGPx in GCF and periodontal diseases. eGPx could be considered as a marker of oxidative stress in periodontal diseases. |
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[22] | ELISA | MCP-1 | To evaluate the MCP-1 role during the development of periodontal disease and to evaluate the outcome of periodontal treatment on the levels of MCP-1. | The levels of MCP-1 elevated in accordance with the severity of periodontal disease. Periodontal treatment reduced the MCP-1 levels in GCF. |
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[23] | ELISA | MCP-1, IL-18 | To examine MCP-1 and IL-18 GCF levels in control and periodontally diseased patients. | IL-18 and MCP-1 levels positively correlated to periodontal disease status. |
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[24] | ELISA | Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) | To evaluate PTX3 levels in Plasma and GCF in subjects with and without periodontal disease. | PTX3 levels in GCF could be considered as a biomarker for periodontal disease. |
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[25] | EIA | Neopterin | To determine if neopterin levels in GCF correlated with periodontal clinical parameters. | Neopterin increased proportionally with the severity of periodontal disease and it could be considered as a biomarker of periodontal disease. |
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[26] | ELISA | C-reactive protein (CRP) | To measure the levels of CRP in different periodontal disease stages. | Levels of GCF CRP and serum CRP elevated proportionately to periodontal disease severity. |
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[27] | EIA | Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) | To evaluate the relationship between periodontal clinical parameters and GCF LTB4 levels from diseased sites, previous to and after treatment of periodontitis. | GCF LTB4 levels increased with the severity of periodontal disease and reduced after nonsurgical periodontal treatment. |
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[28] | Sandwich enzyme immunoassay kit | Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | To find the correlation between GCF VEGF levels and the periodontal clinical parameters. To find if there was a correlation between the levels of VEGF in GCF and serum. | There was a positive correlation between the levels of VEGF in GCF and the periodontal clinical parameters. The same correlation was observed between the levels of VEGF in GCF and serum. |
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[29] | ELISA | Visfatin | To determine the concentrations of visfatin in GCF and serum in control and periodontally diseased patients in the presence and absence of T2DM. | Positive associations were observed between the levels of visfatin and periodontal disease in all study groups. |
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[30] | ELISA | IL-17, IL-18 | To discover the role of IL-18, IL-17 in different periodontal disease stages before and after treatment. | IL-18 levels in GCF were found to correlate with periodontal disease severity, and periodontal treatments caused a decline in its concentration. IL-17 was not detected in the GCF. |
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[31] | ELISA | VEGF | To determine the level of VEGF in different periodontal disease stages and to explore the effect of treatment on VEGF levels in GCF. | Levels of VEGF in GCF elevated in relation to periodontal disease severity. Periodontal therapy led to a decrease in their levels. |
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[32] | ELISA | Visfatin | To measure the serum and GCF visfatin levels. To explain the role of scaling and root planning on visfatin levels. | Visfatin levels increased in accordance with disease progression and could be used as biomarkers during the treatment of periodontal disease. |
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[33] | Enzyme assay | ALP | To determine the existence and ALP levels activity in GCF in different stages of periodontal disease. | There was a relationship between periodontal disease and ALP level. |
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[34] | ELISA | Cystatin C | To measure the level of cystatin C in serum and GCF in different periodontal disease stages. | Cystatin C levels in serum and GCF correlated to the severity of periodontal disease and reduced after treatment. |
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[35] | ELISA | Osteopontin (OPN) | To measure the relation between clinical parameters and osteopontin (OPN) levels in GCF. To evaluate the effect of periodontal treatment on OPN levels. | GCF OPN levels increased with the severity of periodontal disease and the treatment resulted in a decrease in OPN levels. |
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