Identification of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Sampling, Analytical Methods, and Oral Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review

Table 4

Summary of studies to compare IL-1β concentrations (pg/ml).

References	Sample size	Study design	Healthy	Gingivitis	CP	GAgP
			Mean ± SD or range
[41]	20H, 20G, 20CP, 20GAgP	Cross-sectional	49.81 (13.27 to 144.64)	45.68 (8.49 to 122.09)	128.99 (27.70 to 393.02)	93.78 (11.40 to 247.55)
[12]	30H, 30CP	Cross-sectional	195.7700		409.2733
[51]	21H, 21G, 21CP, 21GAgP	Cross-sectional
[53]	50CP	Cross-sectional	(healthy site)		(diseased site)
[66]	18H, 32G, 28 mild CP, 22 moderate-sever CP	Longitudinal investigation	118 (92–998)	482 (15–908) progressing disease activity
[67]	21H, 30CP	Intervention
[80]	25H, 24GAgP	Intervention
[98]	20H, 20CP	Cross-sectional
[99]	25H, 31AgP	Cross-sectional
[103]	10H, 25G	Cross-sectional	14.0000	17.8732

H: healthy subjects, G: gingivitis, CP: chronic periodontitis, GAgP: generalized aggressive periodontitis.