Identification of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Sampling, Analytical Methods, and Oral Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review

Table 6

Summary of studies to compare TNF-α concentrations (pg/ml).

References	Samples	Study design	Healthy	Gingivitis	CP	GAgP
			Mean ± SD or median (range)
[14]	20H, 20G, 20CP	Cross-sectional	3.02	90.22	82.94
[53]	50CP	Cross-sectional	0.17 ± 0.31 (healthy sites in CP patients)		0.33 ± 0.33 (diseased sites in CP patients)
[70]	20H, 20AgP, 25CP	Cross-sectional	0.34 (0.25 to 0.48)		0.71 (0.55 to 3.58)	1.03 (0.17 to 3.02)
[99]	25H, 31AgP	Cross-sectional	1.9 ± 1.4			2.0 ± 1.9
[103]	10H, 25G	Cross-sectional	27.690	32.072
[80]	25H, 24GAgP	Intervention	1.9 ± 1.4			1.9 ± 1.8
[59]	16H, 22CP	Cross-sectional	0.32 ± 0.25		0.11 ± 0.13
[91]	52CP	Intervention	0.01 (0.00–0.13) (healthy sites in CP patients)		0.06 (0.01–0.52) (diseased sites in CP patients)