Insulin Resistance in Adipose Tissue but Not in Liver Is Associated with Aortic Valve Calcification
Table 2
Characteristics of the study population by hepatic insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) quartiles.
Quartile 1
Quartile 2
Quartile 3
Quartile 4
trend
Age (years)
0.365
Gender (men, %)
143 (47.7)
145 (48.3)
143 (47.8)
144 (47.8)
0.999
BMI (kg/m2)
<0.001
Visceral AT (cm2)
109 (80–141)
140 (106–176)
163 (131–201)
188 (153–229)
<0.001
Systolic BP (mmHg)
<0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)
0.758
HDL-C (mmol/L)
<0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
1.37 (1.02–1.83)
1.65 (1.20–2.25)
1.80 (1.35–2.38)
1.98 (1.49–2.77)
<0.001
Glucose (mmol/L)
4.6 (4.4–4.9)
4.88 (4.6–5.2)
5.21 (4.8–5.6)
5.72 (5.2–7.3)
<0.001
Insulin (μIU/L)
9.92 (7.9–11)
15.5 (14–17)
21.1 (19–24)
30.5 (26–37)
<0.001
Free fatty acids (mmol/l)
0.54 (0.42–0.67)
0.56 (0.44–0.68)
0.56 (0.43–0.71)
0.60 (0.50–0.80)
<0.001
HOMA-IR
2.13 (1.7–2.5)
3.35 (3.0–3.7)
4.91 (4.4–5.4)
7.96 (6.8–9.9)
<0.001
Adipo-IR
5.1 (3.5–6.9)
8.6 (6.7–10.4)
12.1 (8.8–15.1)
18.2 (13.0–25.0)
<0.001
hsCRP (mmol/L)
9.9 (6.0–20.0)
13.8 (10.0–35.0)
18.7 (10.0–35.0)
23.8 (11.0–40.0)
<0.001
Adiponectin (μg/mL)
10.6 (6.6–16.9)
8.3 (5.5–13.6)
7.3 (4.7–11.1)
5.6 (3.5–9.3)
<0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
0.818
Physical activity index
<0.001
Current smoking (%)
69 (23)
70 (23.3)
69 (23.1)
62 (20.6)
0.839
Statin use (%)
23 (7.7)
32 (10.7)
26 (8.7)
25 (8.3)
0.600
Type 2 diabetes (%)
9 (3)
14 (4.7)
39 (13.0)
98 (32.6)
<0.001
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number of subjects (percentage). BMI: body mass index; AT: adipose tissue; BP: blood pressure; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; Adipo-IR: adipose tissue insulin resistance; hsCRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. HOMA-IR range: Q1: <2.78; Q2: 2.78–4.11; Q3: 4.12–6.01; Q4: >6.01 for men and Q1: <2.71; Q2: 2.71–3.96; Q3: 3.97–5.85; Q4: >5.85 for women. versus Q1, versus Q2, and versus Q3.
