Insulin Resistance in Adipose Tissue but Not in Liver Is Associated with Aortic Valve Calcification
Table 3
Characteristics of the study population by adipose tissue insulin resistance quartiles.
Quartile 1
Quartile 2
Quartile 3
Quartile 4
trend
Age (years)
52.5 ± 9.4
54.1 ± 9.0
54.5 ± 8.9
53.4 ± 9.8
0.660
Gender (men, %)
144 (48)
144 (48.2)
144 (47.7)
144 (48)
0.990
BMI (kg/m2)
25.7 ± 3.5
<0.001
Visceral AT (cm2)
109 (82–150)
144 (109–180)
162 (126–205)
181 (150–230)
<0.001
Systolic BP (mmHg)
112 ± 16
117 ± 17
<0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
69 ± 9
72 ± 9
74 ± 10
<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)
3.05 ± 0.27
3.08 ± 0.82
3.18 ± 0.88
3.03 ± 0.85
0.784
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.28 ± 0.37
1.21 ± 0.32
1.19 ± 0.33
<0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
1.42 (1.04–1.89)
1.67 (1.22–2.18)
1.81 (1.33–2.46)
1.94 (1.46–2.72)
<0.001
Glucose (mmol/L)
4.77 (4.50–5.11)
4.99 (4.70–5.30)
5.10 (4.80–5.60)
5.40 (4.90–6.10)
<0.001
Insulin (µIU/L)
10.7 (7.9–13)
14.9 (12–18)
20.0 (17–24)
29.3 (23–36)
<0.001
Free fatty acids (mmol/l)
0.42 (0.32–0.53)
0.54 (0.44–0.65)
0.60 (0.48–0.72)
0.70 (0.60–0.80)
<0.001
HOMA-IR
2.28 (1.70–2.90)
3.36 (2.70–4.50)
4.70 (3.70–5.70)
7.22 (5.40–9.60)
<0.001
Adipo-IR
4.46 (3.30–5.40)
7.98 (7.10–8.90)
11.8 (10.30–13.40)
19.9 (17.0–25.0)
<0.001
hsCRP (mmol/L)
10.4 (6.0–19.0)
15.4 (8.0–31.0)
17.6 (10.0–33.0)
21.9 (11.0–39.0)
<0.001
Adiponectin (µg/mL)
9.2 (6.2–15.3)
8.6 (5.2–13.7)
7.1 (4.6–11.6)
6.4 (3.8–9.9)
<0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
100 ± 7.9
99.8 ± 8.4
102 ± 8.3
100 ± 12
0.398
Physical activity index
8.15 ± 1.2
7.79 ± 1.3
7.90 ± 1.2
0.029
Current smoking (%)
76 (25.3)
61 (20.4)
71 (23.5)
62 (20.7)
0.408
Statin use (%)
23 (7.67)
33 (11)
29 (9.6)
21 (7)
0.285
Type 2 diabetes (%)
24 (8)
37 (12.4)
42 (13.9)
58 (19.33)
0.001
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number of subjects (percentage). BMI: body mass index; AT: adipose tissue; BP: blood pressure; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; Adipo-IR: adipose tissue insulin resistance; hsCRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. Adipo-IR range: Q1: <5.57; Q2: 5.57–8.58; Q3: 8.59–12.48; Q4: >12.48 for men and Q1: <6.98; Q2: 6.98–10.89; Q3: 10.60–16.22; Q4: >16.23 for women. versus Q1, versus Q2, and versus Q3.
