Local and Systemic Immune Responses to Influenza A Virus Infection in Pneumonia and Encephalitis Mouse Models

Figure 2

Concentrations of 12 cytokines/chemokines in serum and local samples from pneumonia and encephalitis models. Serum concentrations of cytokines/chemokines in the pneumonia model (a) and the encephalitis model (b). Local concentrations of cytokines/chemokines in the BALF in the pneumonia model (c) and the CSF in the encephalitis model (d). Levels of 12 cytokines/chemokines were measured using a multiplex bead-based assay. Data represent the mean ± SEM values. All samples showed a significant increase in cytokine/chemokine levels for the IAV-infected groups, with the exception of serum IL-1β () in the encephalitis model ( per group). Statistical comparisons were conducted using the Mann–Whitney U test.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)