Local and Systemic Immune Responses to Influenza A Virus Infection in Pneumonia and Encephalitis Mouse Models

Table 2

Serum and CSF cytokine/chemokine profiles of patients affected influenza associated encephalopathy among children, adolescents, and young adults.

Study	Virus type	Number of patients		Elevated cytokines and chemokines
		Serum	CSF	Serum	CSF
Aiba et al.	H3N2	6	2	IL-6, TNF-α, sTNF-R1	IL-6
Ichiyama et al.	H1N1, H3N2, B	14	10	IL-6, sTNF-R1, IL-10	IL-6, sTNF-R1
Hosoya et al.	H3N2, A, B	10	8	TNF-α	None
Hasegawa et al.	H1N1 2009	6	4	IFN-γ, IL-6, sTNF-R1, IL-10	IL-6
Momonaka et al.	H1N1 2009	18	18	IL-6	IL-6

CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; sTNF-R: soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.