| | Case | Key details |
| | Su et al. [3] | 81-year-old woman; PC = fever, discoloured urine; RFs = bedridden, chronic catheterisation; Ix = urine with Proteus mirabilis; Rx = IV antibiotics, catheter changed | | Al Montasir and Al Mustaque [5] | 86-year-old female; PC = abdominal pain; PMH = osteoporosis, fractured hip, neurogenic bladder; RFs = bedridden, chronic catheterisation, constipation; Ix = alkaline urine with Escherichia coli; Rx = cefuroxime then ceftriaxone/gentamicin, glycerol preparation, catheter changed | | Agapakis et al. [8] | 83-year-old female; PC = haematuria, fever; PMH = hypothyroidism, Alzheimer’s, colon cancer; RFs = bedridden, chronic catheterisation; Ix = misdiagnosed as haematuria, alkaline urine with E. coli; Rx = antibiotics, catheter changed | | Duff [11] | 57-year-old female; PC = diffuse abdominal pain; PMH = transverse myelitis, recurrent UTIs, 2 C-sections; RFs = chronic catheterisation, colostomy bag; Ix = alkaline urine with Klebsiella pneumoniae; Rx = ciprofloxacin, catheter changed | | Bhattarai et al. [10] | 87-year-old female; PC = altered mental status; PMH = dementia, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, recurrent UTIs, left nephrostomy tube, right ureteral stent, end-stage renal disease; RFs = bedridden, kidney disease, constipated; Ix alkaline urine with Enterococci/Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rx = vancomycin/cefepime | | Mohamad and Chong [12] | 78-year-old female; PC = fever, vomiting; PMH = hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, dementia; RFs = bedridden, chronic catherisation; Ix = urine dip unremarkable, blood cultured Proteus mirabilis (sepsis); Rx ceftriaxone then ciprofloxacin | | Yaqub et al. [13] | 83-year-old female; PC = nausea, vomiting, reduced oral intake, constipation, purple urine; PMH = dementia; RFs = bedridden, chronic catheterisation, recurrent UTIs; Ix = alkaline urine with Escherichia coli; Rx = cefixime, lactulose, catheter changed | | Bocrie et al. [14] | 87-year-old female; PC = postfall syndrome, urinary retention, faecaloma; RFs = catheter; Ix = asymptomatic bacteriuria (Escherichia coli); Rx = catheter changed | | Keenan and Thomas [15] | 97-year-old man; PC = purple urine, constipation; PMH = prostate hyperplasia, urinary retention; RFs = chronic catheterisation; Ix = urine with Klebsiella pneumoniae; Rx = ciprofloxacin | | Siu and Watanabe [16] | 48-year-old man; PC = ischaemic encephalopathy after cardiac arrest; PMH = type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease/bypass; RFs = recurrent UTIs, chronic catheterisation; Ix = alkaline urine with Escherichia coli; Rx = catheter changed, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole |
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