Testing a Combination of Markers of Systemic Redox Status as a Possible Tool for the Diagnosis of Late Onset Alzheimer’s Disease

Table 1

Principal characteristics of the sample according to diagnosis.

	Controls ()	Load ()
Age (years)	69 ± 9	77 ± 6
Sex (females, %)	89	74
MMSE score	28 (25–29)	21 (18–24)
Education (yrs)	8 (5–13)	5 (3–6)
Current smokers (%)	12	19
Hypertension (%)	35	67
Diabetes (%)	11	15
CVD (%)	12	13
Stroke (%)	4	0
Serum parameters
AOPP (μmol/L)	73 (62–92)	69 (61–78)
Hydroperoxides (CU)	295 (201–374)	331 (205–396)
RAP (FRAP units)	223 (131–315)	138 (90–227)
Thiols (μmol/L)	213 (115–260)	174 (111–245)
Uric acid (μmol/L)	300 ± 96	357 ± 95
Homocysteine (μmol/L)	13 (9–18)	16 (11–22)
Paraoxonase (U/L)	84 (48–163)	92 (48–154)
Arylesterase (kU/L)	110 ± 32	86 ± 25
Total FeOx (U/L)	524 (457–602)	558 (477–631)

Mean ± SD for normally distributed variables; median (interquartile range) for not normally distributed variables; percentage for discrete variables. Abbreviations: LOAD: late onset Alzheimer’s disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; AOPP, advanced oxidation protein products; total FeOx, total ferroxidase; CU, Carr units (1 CU = 0.023 mmol/L of H₂O₂); FRAP units, ferric reduction antioxidant power (1 FRAP unit = 100 μmol/L of Fe³⁺ reduced to Fe²⁺); RAP, residual antioxidant power. -test, Mann–Whitney test, or chi-squared test (prevalence).