Galectin-3 as a Predictor of Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling in Recent-Onset Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Table 1
Characteristics of the study population.
Characteristic
All patients ()
LVRR present ()
LVRR absent ()
value
Age (years)
48.9 ± 10.5
48.4 ± 11.8
50.1 ± 7.4
0.57
BMI (kg/m2)
26.3 ± 4.0
26.1 ± 4.2
26.6 ± 3.7
0.63
Female, (%)
13 (23)
6 (16)
7 (37)
0.10
Diabetes, (%)
7 (12)
6 (16)
1 (5)
0.40
SBP (mmHg)
118.3 ± 15.5
119.9 ± 14.8
115.1 ± 16.9
0.28
DBP (mmHg)
77.6 ± 8.9
78.2 ± 8.6
76.3 ± 9.5
0.45
Heart rate (bpm)
80 ± 20
78 ± 19
84 ± 21
0.28
NYHA functional class, (%)
0.03
(i) I
5 (9)
4 (11)
1 (5)
(ii) II
21 (37)
17 (45)
4 (21)
(iii) III
30 (53)
17 (45)
13 (68)
(iv) IV
1 (2)
—
1 (5)
Duration of heart failure (months)#
1.9 (1.0–3.3)
2.0 (1.0–3.4)
1.8 (1.0–2.7)
0.70
LBBB
39 (68.4)
25 (65.8)
14 (73.7)
0.76
LVEDD (mm)
67.4 ± 7.2
67.2 ± 8.3
67.7 ± 4.4
0.79
LVEF (%)
30.1 ± 8.7
29.6 ± 8.9
31.1 ± 8.2
0.54
Medication at baseline
(i) ACEI or ARB
55 (96)
36 (95)
19 (100)
0.55
(ii) ACEI or ARB, ≥50% of recommended dose
26 (46)
19 (50)
7 (37)
0.41
(iii) Betablocker
53 (93)
35 (92)
18 (95)
1.00
(iv) Betablocker, ≥50% of recommended dose
21 (37)
14 (37)
7 (37)
1.00
(v) MRA
44 (77)
29 (76)
15 (79)
1.00
(vi) Digitalis
34 (60)
21 (55)
13 (68)
0.40
(vii) Diuretic
46 (81)
29 (76)
17 (89)
0.30
Medication at follow-up
(i) ACEI or ARB
55 (96)
36 (95)
19 (100)
0.55
(ii) ACEI or ARB, ≥50% of recommended dose
42 (74)
27 (71)
15 (79)
0.75
(iii) Betablocker
57 (100)
38 (100)
19 (100)
1.00
(iv) Betablocker, ≥50% of recommended dose
40 (70)
28 (74)
12 (63)
0.54
(v) MRA
45 (79)
29 (76)
16 (84)
0.73
(vi) Digitalis
27 (47)
18 (47)
9 (47)
1.00
(vii) Diuretic
46 (81)
28 (74)
18 (95)
0.08
ICD at baseline
0
0
0
ICD at follow-up
6 (11)
6 (16)
0
0.16
CRT at baseline
0
0
0
CRT at follow-up
8 (14)
3 (8)
5 (26)
0.10
Galectin-3 (ng/ml)
29.4 (16.3–56.2)
22.7 (15.6–45.9)
47.7 (24.2–63.4)
0.03
NT-proBNP (pg/ml)
1308 (585 to 2880)
1220 (554 to 2192)
1818 (724 to 3206)
0.35
Creatinine (mg/dl)
0.94 ± 0.21
0.95 ± 0.22
0.92 ± 0.21
0.97
GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)
89.4 ± 20.4
92 ± 22
84.3 ± 16.2
0.18
Myocardial inflammation
18 (31.6)
10 (26.3)
8 (42.1)
0.24
Virus-positive genome
17 (29.8)
12 (31.6)
5 (26.3)
0.77
Values are (%) or or median (interquartile range, IQR) when appropriate. BMI: body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LBBB: left bundle branch block; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end diastolic diameter; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; ICD: intracardiac cardioverter defibrillator; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; GFR: glomerular filtration rate. #Duration of heart failure symptoms before inclusion; detected in endomyocardial biopsies.
