Choline Compounds of the Frontal Lobe and Temporal Glutamatergic System in Bipolar and Schizophrenia Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study

Table 1

Clinical data for patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and controls (means ± SD).

	Schizophrenia	Bipolar disorder	Controls	value
Age (years)	37.76 ± 8.04	43.69 ± 11.00	36.95 ± 7.41	0.11^a
Females/males	11/10	11/5	10/10	0.48^b
Disease duration (years)	13.33 ± 8.27	8.78 ± 8.37	—	NS^c
PANSS	86.28 ± 11.02	—	—
CDSS	4.52 ± 4.52	—	—
CGI	4.52 ± 0.68	—	—
MADRS		14.00 ± 12.95
YMRS		11.06 ± 8.49

^aKruskal-Wallis test. ^bChi-square test. ^cMann–Whitney test. NS: nonsignificant; PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; CDSS: Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; CGI: Clinical Global Impression; MADRS: Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; YMRS: Young Mania Rating Scale.