|
Marker | Name | Expression | Comments | References |
|
Tests evaluating neutrophil activation |
ENA-78 | Epithelial neutrophil activating peptide | Bowel epithelial cells; intestinal epithelial cells | Stimulates the chemotaxis of neutrophils, possesses angiogenic properties | [10, 21] |
HLE | Human leucocytic elastase | Activated neutrophils | Plays a role in degenerative and inflammatory diseases through proteolysis of collagen-IV and elastin | [6] |
MRP-8/MRP-14 or S100A8/A9 | Calprotectin | Cytoplasm of neutrophils and monocytes | Antibacterial, antifungal, immunomodulatory, and antiproliferative action; a chemotactic factor for neutrophils; the fecal level is proportional to neutrophilic influx into the intestinal tract | [1, 77] |
L | Lactoferrin | Neutrophils | Takes part in acute inflammatory response; exhibits high affinity to iron making iron inaccessible to bacteria; fecal L increases significantly with bowel infiltration by neutrophils | [10, 58] |
N | Neopterine | Monocytes and macrophages | Inflammatory marker; may help predict the progress of the disease; useful to assess clinical activity of IBD | [9] |
Serological markers |
ANCAs | Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies | | High p-ANCA levels and antibodies to CBir1 have been associated with increased risk of pouchitis after colectomy in UC | [70] |
cANCA | Cytoplasmic | Antibodies against granules of neutrophil cytoplasm | Increase in UC | |
sANCA | Speckled | | Patients with CD and positive p-ANCA were less likely to respond to therapy with infliximab | |
pANCA | Peripheral-antinuclear cytoplasmic antibody | | Increase significantly in UC | [74] |
ASCAs | Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies | | The utility in diagnosing difficult cases of indeterminate colitis (IC) | [74] |
Anti-OmpC | Antiouter membrane protein C antibody | | OmpC pANCA, ASCA, and I2 altogether can be found in 80% of patients with CD | [10] |
Hup-B | Mycobacterial histone H1 homologue | | May represent the target antigen for pANCA | [10] |
Anti-CBir1 flagellin | Antibodies to bacterial flagellin | | May be a marker of Crohn’s disease complicated by fistulas, perforations, or other serious problems | [10] |
PAB | Pancreatic antibody (an antibody to a trypsin-sensitive protein in pancreatic secretions) | | PAB is positive in 20%–40% of CD cases and 5% of UC cases; PAB expression may exhibit racial differences | [6] |
Anti-I2 | Antibodies to Pseudomonas fluorescens-associated sequence I2 | | IgA anti-I2 is positive in 55% of CD cases, 10% of UC cases, and 20% of non-IBD colitis cases; anti-I2 has also been found in patients with other inflammatory enteritis | [10] |
Platelet abnormalities |
| β-Tromboglobulin | Platelets | Increased during active IBD | [20] |
| P selectin | Endothelial cells | Serum level of soluble platelet selectin (sP-selectin) is increased during progression of IBD; in inactive CD, serum levels of sP-selectin are lower than in controls; in patients with ulcerative colitis, serum concentrations of sP-selectin and IL-6 are significantly higher compared to healthy subjects | [34, 49] |
PAF | Platelet activation factor | Platelets | Increased in patients with IBD | [36] |
TF(+) MPs | Procoagulant microparticles | Microparticles circulating into the blood | Indicates for hypercoagulability of blood in IBD patients, which is associated with the appearance of thrombin in the vasculature of the intestine and extraintestinal tissues | [33] |
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