Evaluation of Individual and Combined Markers of Urine Dipstick Parameters and Total Lymphocyte Count as a Substitute for CD4 Count in Low-Resource Communities in Ghana
Table 2
Urine dipstick biochemistry and CD4, TLC, Hb, and WBC categorized by sex.
Characteristics
Total ()
Male ()
Female ()
X2, df
value
Mean ageb
43.09 ± 10.33
43.44 ± 9.9
42.74 ± 10.76
0.5315
Leucocytesa
3.580, 3
0.3105
Absent
100 (50.0%)
23 (40.3%)
77 (53.8%)
1+
28 (28.0%)
9 (15.8%)
19 (13.3%)
2++
48 (48.0%)
18 (31.6%)
30 (21.0%)
3+++
24 (24.0%)
7 (12.3%)
17 (11.9%)
Leukocyturia
100 (50.0%)
34 (34.0%)
66 (66.0%)
Proteina
4.503, 3
0.2121
Absent
97 (48.5%)
27 (47.4%)
70 (48.9%)
1+
27 (13.5%)
12 (21.1%)
15 (10.5%)
2++
51 (25.5%)
13 (22.8%)
38 (26.6%)
3+++
25 (12.5%)
5 (8.8%)
20 (14.0%)
Proteinuria
103 (51.5%)
30 (29.1%)
73 (70.9%)
Blooda
0.6404, 3
0.8871
Absent
91 (45.5%)
25 (43.9%)
66 (46.1%)
1+
27 (13.5%)
9 (15.7%)
18 (12.6%)
2++
57 (28.5%)
15 (26.3%)
42 (29.4%)
3+++
25 (12.5%)
8 (14.0%)
17 (11.9%)
Hematuria
109 (54.5%)
32 (29.4%)
77 (70.6%)
Mean CD4 (cell/μl)b
302.32 ± 32.4
273.43 ± 26.8
331.21 ± 38.0
0.1109
Mean TLC (cell/μl)b
1166.59 ± 73.7
1121.83 ± 90.32
1211.36 ± 57.18
0.4017
Mean HB (g/dl)b
7.32 ± 1.64
7.12 ± 1.85
7.52 ± 1.43
0.1992
Mean WBC (×109)b
2.36 ± 0.47
2.318 ± 0.51
2.403 ± 0.44
0.3629
Values are presented as mean ± SD and frequency (percentages). TLC: total lymphocyte count; Hb: hemoglobin; WBC: white blood cell. aChi-square test; bStudent’s t-test.
