Gonadotropins and Their Association with the Risk of Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged Postmenopausal Women
Table 2
Baseline and follow-up characteristics of the groups.
Parameters
Group 1a baseline (NFG to NFG) ()
Group 2a baseline (NFG to IFG) ()
Group 3a baseline (IFG to IFG) ()
Group 4a baseline (IFG to diabetes) ()
for trend baseline groups
Group 1b follow-up (NFG to NFG) ()
Group 2b follow-up (NFG to IFG) ()
Group 3b follow-up (IFG to IFG) ()
Group 4b follow-up (IFG to diabetes) ()
for trend follow-upgroups
Age (years)a
0.13
#
#
#
#
0.08
BMIa
!
<0.001
!
$
!
<0.001
WC (cm)a
!
<0.001
!
$
!
<0.001
Years after menopausea
0.6
#
#
#
#
0.46
Glucose (mmol/L)a
<0.001
#
!,$
&,@
<0.001
Insulin (mIU/mL)b
5.6 (4.6-7.0)
7.0 (4.2-8.9)
9.1 (6.1-12.2)
9.5 (5.5-17.2)
0.002
5.7 (3.3-8.6)
10.5 (3.5-13,5)!,@
9.8 (8.2-11.9)
16.7 (9.1-29.4)!,#
<0.001
HOMA-IRb
1.27 (0.97-1.47)
1.66 (1.0-1.88)
2.49 (1.61-3.37)
2.33 (1.50-4.80)
<0.001
1.35 (0.73-1.95)
2.37 (0.79-3.14)!,$
2.61 (2.32-3.1)
5.8 (2.7-9.1)!,#
<0.001
HOMA- (%)
7.4
20.0
66.7
57.0
<0.001
19.2
55.6
91.7
100.0
<0.001
HbA1c (mmol/mol)b
—
—
—
—
—
34.0 (31.0-38.0)
38.0 (37.0-39.0)
39.0 (37.0-41.0)
41.0 (39.0-44.0)
<0.001
HDL (mmol/L)b
1.74 (1.55-1.97)
1.39 (1.19-1.79)&
1.45 (1.30-1.63)
1.35 (1.27-1.84)
<0.001
1.58 (1.37-1.79)#
1.35 (1.14-2.02)
1.45 (1.22-1.58)
1.37 (1.22-1.50)$
0.002
TG (mmol/L)b
1.14 (0.90-1.16)
1.02 (0.80-1.75)
1.59 (1.20-2.02)
1.94 (1.48-2.38)
<0.001
1.13 (0.89-1.44)
1.27 (0.89-1.45)
1.41 (1.22-1.58)
1.24 (1.16-1.55)$
0.002
CRP (mg/L)b
0.70 (0.30-1.30)
1.25 (0.52-5.70)!
2.14 (1.43-3.14)
3.50 (1.44-4.90)!
<0.001
0.63 (0.42-2.22)$
1.55 (0.96-2.28)!
2.20 (1.69-2.78)
3.67 (1.28-5.30)
<0.001
TSH (μIU/mL)b
1.07 (0.73-2.02)
1.30 (1.20-2.20)
1.14 (0.56-2.13)
2.03 (1.90-2.49)&
0.06
1.13 (0.79-2.01)
1.67 (0.79-2.09)
1.09 (0.80-1.93)
1.66 (1.27-1.90)
0.39
17beta-estradiol (pg/mL)b
10.1 (5.0-24.1)
12.1 (4.9-26.0)
19.0 (14.0-34.0)
22.0 (11.0-29.0)
0.04
11.4 (4.9-22.0)
20.5 (18.0-38.0),$
11.9 (4.9-16.0)
5.9 (4.9-8.3),#
0.03
Estrone (pg/mL)b
43.2 (38.7-49.6)
35.9 (32.1-67.8)
41.9 (39.2-53.4)
40.7 (35.6-70.0)
0.3
49.8 (41.2-70.5)#
42.8 (44.3-59.9)$
50.6 (43.1-63.2)@
49.4 (46.2-53.8)
0.59
FSH (mIU/mL)b
94.3 (73.4-110.9)
67.6 (57.6-78.3)!
63.0 (56.0-78.5)
44.3 (38.0-55.34)!
<0.001
78.5 (61.2-111.0)$
62.3 (53.0-69.1),@
51.8 (47.2-69.2)#
39.9 (36.0-46.8),@
<0.001
LH (mIU/mL)b
36.4 (31.2-47.3)
34.2 (29.7-35.2)&
29.2 (23.3-35.0)
24.2 (16.3-30.8)&
<0.001
28.0 (23.3-38.6)#
28.1 (26.6-34.2)@
22.6 (20.1-27.1)#
17.8 (14.9-25.4),$
0.002
LH/FSHb
0.40 (0.32-0.48)
0.46 (0.42-0.57)
0.46 (0.38-0.54)
0.52 (0.41-0.58)
0.09
0.37 (0.29-0.44)@
0.45 (0.41-0.55)
0.39 (0.34-0.49)$
0.40 (0.38-0.56)
0.17
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)b
123.0 (104.0-131.0)
127.0 (124.0-130.0)
130.0 (125.0-146.0)
132.0 (130.0-150.0)&
0.05
120.0 (114.0-123.0)&
131.0 (122.0-138.0)
132.0 (126.0-140)
130.0 (114.0-140.0)
0.009
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)b
80.0 (73.0-89.0)
82.5 (85.0-86.0)
80.0 (78.0-89.0)
81.0 (80.0-92.0)
0.47
80.0 (77.0-84.0)
86.0 (76.0 - 99.0)&
89.0 (76.0-90.0)
86.0 (71.0–90.0)
0.04
Lipid-lowering therapy (%)
14.0
5.0
4.0
16.0
0.4
22.0
10.0
33.0
67.0
<0.001
Antihypertensive therapy (%)
16.0
0.0
27.0
83.0
<0.001
18.0
20.0
50.0
83.0
<0.001
Physical activity: never or sporadically (%)
42
50
45.5
63
0.07
45
51
48
68
0.08
Current smokers (%)
26
20
25
31
0.68
15
15
27
20
0.02
The data were expressed as follows: ameans (±SD) or bmedians (25th and 75th percentiles); em dash means no data; !,&,; 1a versus 2a or 3a versus 4a or 1b versus 2b or 3b versus 4b, all differences are adjusted for WC with the exception of variables (age, BMI, WC, and years after menopause) and percentage variables; #,$,@; 1a versus 1b, 2a versus 2b, 3a versus 3b, 4a versus 4b. NFG: normal fasting glucose; IFG: impaired fasting glucose.
