| | Study | Adjustment |
| | Libby et al. | Age, sex, smoking, deprivation, BMI, HbA1C, insulin use, and sulfonylurea use | | Lai et al. | Sex, age, pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and propensity score | | Ruiter et al. | Age at first OGLD prescription, sex, year in which the first OGLD prescription was dispensed, number of unique drugs used in the year, and number of hospitalizations in the year before the start of the OGLD | | Neumann et al. | Age, sex (when applicable), and exposure to glucose-lowering drugs | | Mazzone et al. | Medication use, BMI, HbA1C, and pack-years of smoking | | Hsieh et al. | Sex and age | | Luo et al. | Age, ethnicity, education, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, recreational physical activity, alcohol intake, total energy intake, percent calories from fat, total fruit intake, total vegetable intake, history of hormone therapy use, and different treatment assignments for clinical trials | | Smiechowski et al. | Diabetes duration, HbA1c, obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol use, previous cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, statins, and other antidiabetic drugs | | Wang et al. | Age, sex, and occupation | | Tsilidis et al. | Smoking status, BMI, alcohol consumption, use of aspirin or NSAIDs and statins, diabetes duration, and year of first antidiabetes prescription | | Sakoda et al. | Gender, race/ethnicity, birth year, diabetes duration, BMI, alcohol use, Charlson comorbidity index, and other diabetes medications | | Kowall et al. | Age at first diabetes medication, sex, country (the UK or Germany), time between first diagnosis of diabetes and prescription of first diabetes drug, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, prevalence of microcomplications (retinopathy, neuropathy, or nephropathy), Charlson index, use of antihypertensives, use of antithrombotic agents, use of aspirin, use of statins, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and use of contraceptives | | Chen et al. | Age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, smoking-related comorbidities, alcohol use disorders, morbid smoking history (status and pack-years), education, income level, creatinine level, HbA1c level, obesity, pancreatitis, hypertension, monthly income, and urbanization level |
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