Ratio of Early Mitral Inflow Velocity to the Global Diastolic Strain Rate and Global Left Ventricular Longitudinal Systolic Strain Predict Overall Mortality and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Hemodialysis Patients
Table 1
Comparison of baseline characteristics among patients according to tertiles of the E/E’sr ratio.
Characteristics
1st tertile of E/E’sr ratio (<50.4 cm) ()
2nd tertile of E/E’sr ratio (50.4–67.9 cm) ()
3rd tertile of E/E’sr ratio (>67.9 cm) ()
Age (year)
0.083
Male gender (%)
49.2
47.6
57.8
0.465
Dialysis vintage (year)
7.6 (3.7–12.5)
6.6 (2.9–13.0)
6.3 (1.9–9.7)
0.346
Diabetes mellitus (%)
31.7
39.7
†
<0.001
Coronary artery disease (%)
3.2
11.1
†
<0.001
Cerebrovascular disease (%)
9.5
7.9
10.9
0.846
Body mass index (kg/m2)
0.344
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
0.203
Heart rate (beat/min)
0.075
(%)
25.4
31.7
40.6
0.105
baPWV (cm/s)
0.037
Cardiothoracic ratio (%)
0.007
AoAC
0 (0–3.8)
3 (0–7)
3 (0-7)
0.003
Laboratory parameters
Albumin (g/dL)
0.846
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
125.0 (81–209)
111.0 (82–199)
142.5 (95.3–225.3)
0.647
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
0.247
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
0.640
Creatinine (mg/dL)
†
0.020
Calcium-phosphorous product (mg2/dL2)
0.077
hs-CRP (mg/L)
1.9 (0.8–5.4)
2.9 (0.9–6.6)
3.0 (1.0–7.2)
0.554
Medications
ACE inhibitors or ARBs (%)
11.1
15.9
†
<0.001
β-Blockers (%)
9.5
17.5
†
<0.001
Statins (%)
20.6
19.0
26.6
0.560
Echocardiographic data
LAVI (mL/m2)
†
<0.001
LVMI (g/m2)
†
<0.001
LVEF (%)
0.019
Relative wall thickness
0.607
E/E’ ratio
†
<0.001
E/A ratio
†
<0.001
Deceleration time (ms)
0.393
E’ wave (cm/s)
†
<0.001
E’sr (1/s)
†
<0.001
E/E’sr ratio (cm)
†
<0.001
GLS (%)
†
<0.001
ABI: ankle-brachial index; baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; AoAC: aortic arch calcification score; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; E: peak early transmitral filling wave velocity; E’: early diastolic velocity of lateral mitral annulus; E’sr: global diastolic strain rate; GLS: global left ventricular longitudinal systolic strain. compared with the 1st tertile of the E/E’sr ratio; † compared with the 2nd tertile of the E/E’sr ratio.
