Ratio of Early Mitral Inflow Velocity to the Global Diastolic Strain Rate and Global Left Ventricular Longitudinal Systolic Strain Predict Overall Mortality and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Hemodialysis Patients
Table 2
Comparison of baseline characteristics between patients with preserved GLS (≤−16%) or impaired GLS (>−16%).
Characteristics
Preserved GLS (≤−16%) ()
Impaired GLS (>−16%) ()
Age (year)
0.565
Male gender (%)
48.2
56.3
0.272
Dialysis vintage (year)
6.9 (2.6–12.5)
6.4 (2.5–10.2)
0.266
Diabetes mellitus (%)
34.5
61.3
<0.001
Coronary artery disease (%)
7.3
23.8
0.001
Cerebrovascular disease (%)
5.5
15.0
0.027
Body mass index (kg/m2)
0.133
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
0.032
Heart rate (beat/min)
0.055
(%)
24.5
43.8
0.039
baPWV (cm/s)
0.207
Cardiothoracic ratio (%)
0.744
AoAC
2 (0–5)
3 (0–7)
0.022
Laboratory parameters
Albumin (g/dL)
0.584
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
115.5 (88.8–211)
136.5 (82–199.8)
0.942
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
0.938
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
0.028
Creatinine (mg/dL)
0.404
Calcium-phosphorous product (mg2/dL2)
0.016
hs-CRP (mg/L)
2.2 (0.9–5.4)
3.1 (1.2–8.6)
0.227
Medications
ACE inhibitors or ARBs (%)
19.1
26.3
0.240
β-Blockers (%)
20.0
23.8
0.535
Statins (%)
20.0
25.0
0.412
Echocardiographic data
LAVI (mL/m2)
0.113
LVMI (g/m2)
0.026
LVEF (%)
<0.001
Relative wall thickness
0.788
E/E’ ratio
0.077
E/A ratio
0.155
Deceleration time (ms)
0.788
E’ wave (cm/s)
<0.001
E’sr (1/s)
<0.001
E/E’sr ratio (cm)
<0.001
GLS (%)
<0.001
ABI: ankle-brachial index; baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; AoAC: aortic arch calcification score; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; E: peak early transmitral filling wave velocity; E’: early diastolic velocity of lateral mitral annulus; E’sr: global diastolic strain rate; GLS: global left ventricular longitudinal systolic strain.
