Amino Acid-Based Metabolic Profile Provides Functional Assessment and Prognostic Value for Heart Failure Outpatients
Table 1
Demographic and laboratory data in heart failure patients in different functional classes (Fc) as defined by cardiopulmonary exercise testing.
MET Fc I
MET Fc II
MET Fc III
for trend
Age (years)
<0.001
Male (%)
126 (93.3)
105 (70.9)
55 (52.9)
<0.001
LVEF (%)
0.002
NYHA functional classification
<0.001
I (%)
62 (45.9)
43 (29.1)
15 (14.4)
II (%)
46 (34.1)
60 (40.5)
29 (27.9)
III (%)
27 (20)
45 (30.4)
60 (57.7)
Blood pressure (mmHg)
Systolic
0.888
Diastolic
0.073
Heart rate (beats/min)
<0.001
Comorbidity
Diabetes mellitus (%)
41 (30.4)
43 (29.1)
61 (58.7)
<0.001
Hypertension (%)
77 (57)
95 (64.2)
61 (58.7)
0.724
Atrial fibrillation (%)
24 (17.8)
48 (32.4)
17 (16.3)
0.984
COPD (%)
10 (7.4)
16 (10.8)
10 (9.6)
0.519
Ischemia (%)
69 (51.1)
82 (55.4)
79 (76)
<0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)
0.003
Medication
ACEI or ARB (%)
135 (100)
146 (98.6)
103 (99)
0.358
β-Blocker (%)
130 (96.3)
144 (97.3)
98 (94.2)
0.459
Diuretic (%)
56 (41.5)
81 (54.7)
62 (59.6)
0.004
Laboratory data
BNP (log)
<0.001
Cholesterol (mg/dl)
0.056
Triglyceride (mg/dl)
0.845
Serum sodium (mEq/l)
0.942
Hemoglobin (g/dl)
<0.001
Albumin (g/dl)
<0.001
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)
<0.001
QRS complex (msec)
<0.001
Metabolic equivalent (MET)
<0.001
HOP score
<0.001
Histidine (μM)
<0.001
Ornithine (μM)
<0.001
Phenylalanine (μM)
<0.001
ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF: heart failure; HOP: histidine, ornithine, and phenylalanine; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MET Fc: functional classification defined by metabolic equivalent (MET) measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing; NYHA: New York Heart Association. Comparison of patients from Fc I to Fc III.
