Association of Galectin-3 and Soluble ST2, and Their Changes, with Echocardiographic Parameters and Development of Heart Failure after ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of patients with and without new HF onset at one-year follow-up.

Variable			value
	Patients without HF at 1 year ()	Patients with HF at 1 year ()
Baseline characteristics
Age (years)	58.0 (53.0-67.3)	64.0 (57.0-70.8)	0.04
Male gender	72.2%; 39/54	70.0%; 35/50	0.83
BMI (kg/m^2)	27.6 (24.0-29.7);	29.7 (25.2-33.2);	0.04
Moderate valve disease	1.9%; 1/54	8.0%; 4/50	0.19
Hypertension	59.3%; 32/54	64.0%; 32/50	0.69
Atrial fibrillation	0.0%; 0/54	10.0%; 5/50	0.02
Diabetes	13.0%; 7/54	30.0%; 15/50	0.053
Chronic kidney disease	14.8%; 8/54	22.0%; 11/50	0.45
COPD	5.6%; 3/54	6.0%; 3/50	1.00
Prior stroke or TIA	1.9%; 1/54	8.0%; 4/50	0.19
Peripheral artery disease	1.9%; 1/54	12.0%; 6/50	0.053
Current or former smoking	70.4%; 38/54	72.0%; 36/50	1.00
Clinical status at hospital admission
Heart rate (b.p.m.)	75.0 (69.5-80.0)	80.0 (73.5-90.0)	0.01
SBP (mmHg)	130.0 (120.0-140.0)	130.0 (115.8-146.0)	0.49
DBP (mmHg)	70.0 (68.3-85.0)	80.0 (70.0-90.0)	0.16
Killip class	1 (1-1)	1 (1-2)	0.06
Intravenous diuretics during hospitalization	20.4%; 11/54	42.0%; 21/50	0.02
Extent of CAD, (%)
1-vessel	57.4%; 31/54	48.0%; 24/50	0.43
2-vessel	25.9%; 14/54	36.0%; 18/50	0.29
3-vessel	16.7%; 9/54	16.0%; 8/50	1.00
Laboratory findings at admission
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	14.2 (13.5-15.1)	14.3 (13.6-15.7)	0.52
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	0.96 (0.86-1.1)	0.9 (0.8-1.1)	0.69
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	89.2 (65.2-111.7)	89.1 (60.0-119.2)	0.95
Serum sodium (mmol/L)	140.0 (138.5-141.7)	139.6 (137.7-142.0)	0.64
Serum potassium (mmol/L)	3.9 (3.5-4.2)	4.0 (3.7-4.2)	0.31
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	188.0 (161.5-230.5);	182.5 (148.8-211.5);	0.36
LDL (mg/dL)	120.0 (76.8-154.5);	108.0 (82.0-133.0);	0.50
HDL (mg/dL)	43.5 (36.0-51.8);	45.0 (32.0-55.0);	0.39
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	135.0 (94.0-170.0);	134.0 (86.0-200.0);	0.75
hs-CRP peak (mg/dL)	2.8 (1.1-7.1);	4.2 (2.1-10.1);	0.03
Troponin I peak (ng/L)	16.0 (1.6-65.1);	46.7 (9.4-111.5);	0.03
CK-MB peak (U/L)	45.2 (5.3-184.1);	91.9 (32.8-212.9)	0.07
NT-proBNP peak (pg/mL)	514.0 (192.0-1479.8);	1917.0 (850.5-4258.8);	0.001
Gal-3 (ng/mL)	6.9 (4.6-8.0)	7.8 (6.5-10.0)	0.002
sST2 (ng/mL)	23.4 (17.0-29.9)	25.7 (20.1-34.5)	0.04
Echocardiography
LVEF (%)	51 (45-55)	43 (35-49)	<0.001
LVEDD (mm)	4.8 (4.5-5.1)	5.0 (4.6-5.3);	0.30
LVEDV (mL)	100.0 (80.0-121.0);	106.0 (72.0-131.0);	0.80
LVESV (mL)	47.0 (38.0-60.0);	61.0 (38.0-86.0);	0.17
LVH	18.0%; 9/50	55.0%; 22/40	<0.001
LA dimension (mm)	3.8 (3.5-4.1)	3.9 (3.6-4.2);	0.15
E med (cm/s)	6.9 (6.0-7.8);	5.7 (4.2-7.7);	0.03
E/E med	11.0 (9.9-12.3);	12.4 (10.1-15.5);	0.06
E lat (cm/s)	8.9 (6.7-10.5);	6.2 (5.1-9.8);	0.03
E/E lat	8.4 (6.7-10.8);	10.0 (7.9-12.9);	0.08
TAPSE (mm)	21.0 (20.0-25.0);	22.0 (20.0-25.0)	0.85
Moderate mitral regurgitation	5.6%; 3/54	24.0%; 12/50	0.01
Clinical status and laboratory findings at discharge
Heart rate (b.p.m.)	71.5 (63.0-80.0)	72.0 (67.5-83.0);	0.002
SBP (mmHg)	120.0 (110.0-131.0)	120.0 (110.0-136.0);	0.98
DBP (mmHg)	71.5 (63.0-80.00)	75.0 (65.5-80.00);	0.58
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	13.9 (12.8-14.6);	13.5 (12.3-14.7);	0.22
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	1.0 (0.8-1.1);	0.9 (0.8-1.1);	0.78
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	91.4 (76.2-112.5);	86.1 (60.1-114.2);	0.30
Serum sodium (mmol/L)	141.8 (140.1-142.9);	140.7 (138.8-143.1);	0.21
Serum potassium (mmol/L)	4.3 (4.1-4.6);	4.5 (4.2-4.7);	0.21
Pharmacotherapy at hospital discharge
ASA	100%; 54/54	100%; 49/49	1.00
Clopidogrel	94.4%; 51/54	83.7%; 41/49	0.11
Ticagrelor	5.6%; 3/54	16.3%; 8/49	0.11
Anticoagulant	3.7%; 2/54	14.3%; 7/49	0.08
Loop diuretic	5.6%; 3/54	46.9%; 23/49	<0.001
ACE-I	96.3%; 52/54	95.9%; 47/49	1.00
ARB	3.7%; 2/54	10.2%; 5/49	0.25
β-Blocker	90.7%; 49/54	95.9%; 47/49	0.44
Aldosterone antagonist	22.2%; 12/54	40.8%; 20/49	0.06
Ivabradine	0.0%; 0/54	4.1%; 2/49	0.22
Statin	98.1%; 53/54	95.9%; 47/49	0.60
Biomarkers at follow-up
Gal-3 (ng/mL)	7.4 (5.3-9.5);	9.1 (7.4-11.2);	0.01
Increase in Gal-3 level from baseline	60.9%; 28/46	72.1%; 31/43	0.37
Change in Gal-3 (ng/mL)	0.5 (-0.7-2.0);	1.7 (-0.3-3.1);	0.17
sST2 (ng/mL)	28.5 (24.2-33.3);	33.1 (25.7-40.0);	0.11
Increase in sST2 level from baseline	63.0%; 29/46	67.4%; 29/43	0.82
Change in sST2 (ng/mL)	4.6 (-3.5-11.2);	5.2 (-4.2-13.7);	0.72

Bold values indicate values < 0.05. LVH was based on left ventricular mass index (LVMI): for female, for male. In patients who survived to hospital discharge. Changes in biomarker concentrations were calculated as the one-year level minus the baseline level of each biomarker. ACE-I: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; b.p.m.: beats per minute; BMI: body mass index; CK-MB: creatine kinase-muscle/brain; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; E lat: lateral early diastolic mitral annular velocity; E/E lat: early mitral inflow divided by lateral early diastolic mitral annular velocity; E med: medial early diastolic mitral annular velocity; E/E med: early mitral inflow divided by medial early diastolic mitral annular velocity; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; Gal-3: galectin-3; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HF: heart failure; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LA: left atrium; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; : number; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; SBP: systolic blood pressure; sST2: soluble interleukin-1 receptor-like 1; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TIA: transient ischemic attack.