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Author Year Country | Number Cases Controls | Mean age Cases Controls | Female/male Cases Controls | Sample type | 16S rRNA gene sequencing (including DNA extraction, sequenced region, sequencing platform, analysis platform, referred database) | Indices of microbial diversity | Major findings (compared with control) |
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Cinek [21] 2018 Azerbaijan Jordan Nigeria Sudan | 73 103 | 11.7 (7.8-13.7) 11.3 (8.1-13.7) | 37/33 51/52 | Fecal samples | PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit V4 regions Illumina MiSeq platform Qiime Silva database | Numbers of OTUs Chao1 index ACE index Shannon index Simpson index Fisher index | ↑Escherichia ↓Eubacterium and Roseburia ↓Clostridium clusters IV or XIVa |
Higuchi [22] 2018 Brazil | 20 28 |
| 14/6 18/10 | Stool samples | PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit V3-V4 regions Illumina MiSeq platform Mothur RDP | Numbers of OTUs Chao1 index | ↓Bifidobacterium and Roseburia ↑Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides rodentium, Prevotella copri, and Bacteroides xylanisolvens |
Huang [23] 2018 China | 12 10 |
| 7/5 5/5 | Fecal samples | E.Z.N.A. Mag-Bind Soil DNA Kit V3-V4 regions Illumina MiSeq platform Qiime RDP | Numbers of OTUs Chao index Shannon index Simpson index | ↑Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio ↓Faecalibacterium |
Leiva-Gea [24] 2018 Spain | 15 13 |
| 8/7 6/7 | Fecal samples | QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit V2-V3 regions 454 platform Qiime Greengenes database | Shannon index Chao index | ↓Microbiota diversity ↑Bacteroides, Ruminococcus, Veillonella, Blautia, and Streptococcus ↓Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, and Lachnospira |
Salamon [25] 2018 Poland | 22 23 | 36 (31-47) 37 (31-48) | 16/6 16/7 | Fecal samples | Genomic Mini AX Stool Spin V3-V4 regions Illumina MiSeq platform Qiime Greengenes database | NA | The microbial diversity and/or composition of fecal samples in T1D did not differ significantly from those in controls |
de Groot [26] 2017 Netherlands | 53 50 |
| 25/28 24/26 | Fecal samples | Bead-beating protocol V1-V2 regions Illumina MiSeq platform Qiime, Canoco 5, R-studio Database not specified | Shannon index | ↑Bacteriodales, Christensenella, Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, Christensenellaceae, and Chloroplast ↓Subdoligranulum, Streptococcus, Barnesiella, Haemophilus, Roseburia, and Rhodospirillales |
Pellegrini [27] 2017 Italy | 19 16 | 34 (6-65) 38 (10-56) | 9/10 9/7 | Biopsy samples | mirVana Kit V3-V5 regions 454 platform Qiime Database not specified | Chao1 index | ↓Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes ↑Firmicutes ↑Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio ↑Streptococcus ↓Prevotella |
Stewart [28] 2017 UK | 10 10 |
| 0/10 0/10 | Fecal samples | PowerLyzer™ PowerSoil® DNA Isolation Kit V4 regions Illumina MiSeq platform Mothur Silva database | Shannon index | No significant difference was reported between the bacterial profiles or the Shannon diversity indices of T1D compared with controls |
Qi [29] 2016 China | 15 15 |
| 7/8 7/8 | Fecal samples | E.Z.N.A.®DNA Kit V3-V4 regions Illumina MiSeq Platform Qiime Silva database | Shannon index Chao index | ↓Microbiota richness ↑Blautia ↓Haemophilus, Lachnospira, Pasteurellales, Pasteurellaceae, Intestinimonas, Micrococcales, Dialister, and Caulobacterales ↓Intestinimonas |
Mejia-Leon [30] 2014 Mexico | 21 8 |
| NA | Stool samples | QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit V4 regions 454 platform Qiime RDP | Chao index | ↑Bacteroides ↓Prevotella, Megamonas, and Acidaminococcus |
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