Research Article
Serum Anion Gap Predicts All-Cause Mortality in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Kidney Injury: Analysis of the MIMIC-III Database
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of participants according to anion gap (
).
| | Characteristic | Anion gap (mmol/L) | value | | Q1 (<12) | Q2 (≥12-<14) | Q3 (≥14) |
| | Age (years) | | | | <0.001 | | Gender, (%) | | | | 0.653 | | Female | 1432 (42.2) | 1312 (43.3) | 2203 (42.8) | | | Male | 1964 (57.8) | 1718 (56.7) | 2944 (57.2) | | | MBP (mmHg) | | | | 0.316 | | Heart rate (beats/minute) | | | | <0.001 | | Respiratory rate (beats/minute) | | | | <0.001 | | Temperature (°C) | | | | <0.001 | | SPO2 (%) | | | | <0.001 | | Comorbidities, (%) | | | | | | Coronary artery disease | 719 (21.2) | 709 (23.4) | 1224 (23.8) | 0.015 | | Congestive heart failure | 503 (14.8) | 540 (17.8) | 1131 (22.0) | <0.001 | | Atrial fibrillation | 774 (22.8) | 858 (28.3) | 1546 (30.0) | <0.001 | | Stroke | 224 (6.6) | 275 (9.1) | 408 (7.9) | 0.001 | | Renal disease | 387 (11.4) | 479 (15.8) | 1381 (26.8) | <0.001 | | Liver disease | 470 (13.8) | 315 (10.4) | 605 (11.8) | <0.001 | | Respiratory failure | 1406 (41.4) | 1212 (40.0) | 2141 (41.6) | 0.339 | | ARDS | 62 (1.8) | 75 (2.5) | 135 (2.6) | 0.051 | | Laboratory parameters | | | | | | Anion gap (mmol/L) | | | | <0.001 | | Albumin (g/dL) | | | | <0.001 | | Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | | | | <0.001 | | Bilirubin (mg/dL) | | | | <0.001 | | Creatinine (mEq/L) | | | | <0.001 | | Chloride (mmol/L) | | | | <0.001 | | Glucose (mg/dL) | | | | 0.005 | | Hematocrit (%) | | | | <0.001 | | Hemoglobin (g/dL) | | | | <0.001 | | Platelet (109/L) | | | | <0.001 | | Sodium (mmol/L) | | | | <0.001 | | Potassium (mmol/L) | | | | <0.001 | | Lactate (mmol/L) | | | | <0.001 | | BUN (mg/dL) | | | | <0.001 | | WBC (109/L) | | | | <0.001 | | PT (seconds) | | | | <0.001 | | APTT (seconds) | | | | <0.001 | | Scoring systems | | | | | | SOFA | | | | <0.001 | | SAPSII | | | | <0.001 | | AKI stage, (%) | | | | <0.001 | | Stage 1 | 838 (24.7) | 727 (24.0) | 1011 (19.6) | | | Stage 2 | 705 (20.8) | 550 (18.2) | 689 (13.4) | | | Stage 3 | 1853 (54.6) | 1753 (57.9) | 3447 (67.0) | | | Renal replacement therapy, (%) | 154 (4.5) | 209 (6.9) | 1120 (21.8) | <0.001 | | ICU LOS (days) | | | | <0.001 | | 30-day mortality, (%) | 516 (15.2) | 512 (16.9) | 1361 (26.4) | <0.001 | | 90-day mortality, (%) | 737 (21.7) | 729 (24.1) | 1796 (34.9) | <0.001 | | 365-day mortality, (%) | 1058 (31.2) | 1057 (34.9) | 2305 (44.8) | <0.001 |
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MBP: mean blood pressure; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; WBC: white blood cell; PT: prothrombin time; APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment; SAPSII: simplified acute physiology score II; AKI: acute kidney injury; ICU: intensive care unit; LOS: length of stay.
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