Associations of Bone Turnover Markers with Cognitive Function in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

Table 3

Association between log-transformed serum RANKL concentrations and cognitive function test in hemodialysis participants using linear regression analysis with confounder adjustment.

Cognitive test	Linear regression models
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
MoCA	1.19 (0.11 to 2.27)	1.12 (0.08 to 2.16)	1.11 (0.09 to 2.14)	1.14 (0.17 to 2.11)
CASI	2.98 (0.13 to 5.82)	2.88 (0.27 to 5.49)	2.83 (-0.12 to 5.78)	3.06 (0.24 to 5.88)
CASI short-term memory	0.55 (0.11 to 0.99)	0.51 (0.10 to 0.93)	0.53 (-0.001 to 1.06)	0.52 (0.01 to 1.02)
CASI mental manipulation	0.56 (0.11 to 1.00)	0.51 (0.09 to 0.94)	0.53 (0.04 to 1.02)	0.51 (0.05 to 0.96)
CASI abstract thinking	0.56 (-0.02 to 1.14)	0.56 (0.003 to 1.12)	0.59 (0.05 to 1.13)	0.57 (0.06 to 1.09)
CASI name fluency	0.43 (-0.04 to 0.90)	0.42 (-0.06 to 0.89)	0.28 (-0.21 to 0.78)	0.29 (-0.19 to 0.76)

Note: CASI: Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The multivariable linear model demonstrated as a beta coefficient () with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Model 1 is adjusted for age, sex, and education level. Model 2 is adjusted for age, sex, education level, depression scale, and comorbidity (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary artery disease). Model 3 is adjusted for age, sex, education level, depression scale, comorbidity (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary artery disease), clinical laboratory data (hemoglobin, albumin, ion calcium, phosphorous, C-reactive protein, parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, and ), and hemodialysis duration. Model 4 is adjusted for stepwise procedure selected covariates. Covariate selection of age, education, depression scale, coronary artery disease, blood urea nitrogen, ion calcium, phosphate, and C-reactive protein in MoCA; covariate selection of age, sex, education, diabetes, coronary artery disease, blood urea nitrogen, albumin, ion calcium, and C-reactive protein in CASI; covariate selection of age, sex, education, depression scale, diabetes, coronary artery disease, albumin, ion calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone in CASI short-term memory; covariate selection of education, depression scale, hyperlipidemia, and iron calcium in CASI mental manipulation; covariate selection of age, sex, education, depression scale, diabetes, coronary artery disease, albumin, ion calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone in CASI short-term memory; covariate selection of sex, education, diabetes, coronary artery disease, blood urea nitrogen, and C-reactive protein in CASI abstract thinking; covariate selection of age, education, diabetes, coronary artery disease, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase in CASI name fluency.