Research Article
Serum Anion Gap Is Associated with All-Cause Mortality among Critically Ill Patients with Congestive Heart Failure
Table 2
The clinical characteristics of critically ill patients with CHF according to SAG levels.
| | Characteristics | Serum anion gap (mmol/L) | value | | <13 () | ≥13, <16 () | ≥16 () |
| | Age (years) | | | | 0.013 | | Gender, (%) | | | | 0.278 | | Male | 1280 (54.8) | 1332 (52.9) | 1359 (52.8) | | | Female | 1054 (45.2) | 1187 (47.1) | 1214 (47.2) | | | Ethnicity, (%) | | | | 0.002 | | White | 1744 (74.7) | 1881 (74.7) | 1821 (70.8) | | | Black | 152 (6.5) | 187 (7.4) | 230 (8.9) | | | Other | 438 (18.8) | 451 (17.9) | 522 (20.3) | | | SBP, mmHg | | | | 0.004 | | DBP, mmHg | | | | 0.013 | | MBP, mmHg | | | | 0.038 | | HR, beats/minute | | | | <0.001 | | RR, beats/minute | | | | <0.001 | | Temperature, °C | | | | <0.001 | | SpO2, % | | | | <0.001 | | Weight, kg | | | | 0.212 | | Scoring systems | | | | | | SOFA | | | | <0.001 | | SAPSII | | | | <0.001 | | Dialysis, (%) | 60 (2.6) | 115 (4.6) | 440 (17.1) | <0.001 | | Vasopressor, (%) | 558 (23.9) | 498 (19.8) | 666 (25.9) | <0.001 | | Ventilation, (%) | 624 (26.7) | 784 (31.1) | 1000 (38.9) | <0.001 | | ICU LOS, hours | | | | <0.001 | | 30-day mortality, (%) | 254 (10.9) | 399 (15.8) | 665 (25.8) | <0.001 | | 90-day mortality, (%) | 411 (17.6) | 579 (23.0) | 882 (34.3) | <0.001 | | Comorbidities, n (%) | | | | | | Liver diseases | 97 (4.2) | 89 (3.5) | 119 (4.6) | 0.144 | | Renal failure | 325 (13.9) | 552 (21.9) | 813 (31.6) | <0.001 | | Atrial fibrillation | 1053 (45.1) | 1134 (45.0) | 1116 (43.4) | 0.377 | | Stroke | 105 (4.5) | 152 (6.0) | 134 (5.2) | 0.056 | | AMI | 121 (5.2) | 207 (8.2) | 270 (10.5) | <0.001 | | VHD | 178 (7.6) | 248 (9.8) | 264 (10.3) | 0.003 | | PCD | 130 (5.6) | 140 (5.6) | 139 (5.4) | 0.959 | | HBP | 278 (11.9) | 467 (18.5) | 673 (26.2) | <0.001 | | Diabetes | 786 (33.7) | 846 (33.6) | 1021 (39.7) | <0.001 | | Pneumonia | 440 (18.9) | 581 (23.1) | 640 (24.9) | <0.001 | | Respiratory failure | 487 (20.9) | 628 (24.9) | 774 (30.1) | <0.001 | | Malignancy | 94 (4.0) | 145 (5.8) | 118 (4.6) | 0.015 | | Laboratory tests | | | | | | WBC (K/μl) | | | | <0.001 | | Platelet (K/μl) | | | | <0.001 | | Hemoglobin (g/dl) | | | | <0.001 | | Creatinine (mg/dl) | | | | <0.001 | | BUN (mg/dl) | | | | <0.001 | | Glucose (mg/dl) | | | | <0.001 | | Sodium (mmol/L) | | | | <0.001 | | Potassium (mmol/L) | | | | <0.001 | | Chloride (mmol/L) | | | | <0.001 | | Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | | | | <0.001 | | PT (second) | | | | <0.001 | | Laboratory tests | | | | | | APTT (second) | | | | 0.002 | | Lactate, (%) | | | | <0.001 | | <1.7 mmol/L | 1076 (46.1) | 865 (34.3) | 694 (27.0) | | | ≥1.7 mmol/L | 634 (27.2) | 858 (34.1) | 1306 (50.8) | | | No test | 624 (26.7) | 796 (31.6) | 573 (22.3) | | | NT-proBNP, (%) | | | | <0.001 | | <4983 pg/ml | 192 (8.2) | 219 (8.7) | 186 (7.2) | | | ≥4983 pg/ml | 118 (5.1) | 200 (7.9) | 280 (10.9) | | | No test | 2024 (86.7) | 2100 (83.4) | 2107 (81.9) | |
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Note: CHF: congestive heart failure; SAG: serum anion gap; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MBP: mean blood pressure; RR: respiratory rate; HR: heart rate; SpO2: percutaneous oxygen saturation; SOFA: stroke, and malignancy. Calculate the sequential organ failure assessment score; SAPSII: simplified acute physiology score II; ICU: intensive care unit; LOS: length of stay; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; VHD: valvular heart diseases; PCD: pulmonary circulation diseases; HBP: hypertension; WBC: white blood cell; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; PT: prothrombin time; APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; NT-proBNP: N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide.
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