Exosomes in Nephropathies: A Rich Source of Novel Biomarkers

Table 1

Urinary exosomal biomarkers potentially useful in the recognition of early damage patients (pts)/control (ctr).

Condition	Potential exosomal biomarker	Study subjects	Reference
CKD	Ceruloplasmin ↑	51 pts-15 ctrs; rats	[38]
	miR-181a-5p ↑, among 30 differentially expressed ncRNAs	15 pts-10 ctrs	[39]
	Exosomal miR-451 ↑	38 pts-23 ctrs	[40]
Lupus nephritis	miR-150 and miR-21 ↑; miR-29c ↓	45 pts-20 ctrs	[77]
	miR-146a ↑	38 pts-12 ctrs	[78]
Diabetic kidney disease	Among 22 proteins: MASP2 and CALB1 ↑; S100A8 and S100A9 ↓	60 pts-15 ctrs	[53]
	miR-21-5p ↑; miR-30b-5p ↓	66 pts	[51]
	miR-15b, miR-34a, and miR-636	54 pts-12 ctrs	[52]
	Myeloblastin, elafin, cystatin B and neutrophil gelatinase-associated Lipocalin ↑	37 pts-12 ctrs	[54]
	Regucalcin ↓	4 pts-3 ctrs; rats	[55]
Nephronophthisis	156 differentially expressed proteins	12 pts-12 ctrs	[89]
Acute kidney injury in critical disease	Activating transcriptional factor 3 ↑	8 pts-8 ctrs; mice	[61]
	Fetuin-A ↑	6 pts; rats	[62]