Exosomes in Nephropathies: A Rich Source of Novel Biomarkers

Table 2

Urinary exosomal biomarkers potentially useful in disease monitoring and/or management patients (pts)/control (ctr).

Condition		Potential exosomal biomarker	Study subjects	Reference
Lupus nephritis	Prediction of clinical response	miR-31, miR-107, and miR-135b-5p ↑	57 pts	[81]
	Disease flare	let-7a and miR-21 ↓	34 pts	[79]
	Cellular crescent formation in type IV lupus nephritis	miR-3135b, miR-654-5p, and miR-146a-5p ↑	14 pts-3 ctrs	[80]
IgA nephropathy	Tubulointerstitial inflammation and C3 deposition	CCL2 mRNA ↑	55 pts-24 ctrs	[76]
Nephropathy in type 1 diabetes	Various degrees of albuminuria	Various differentially expressed miRNAs	48 pts	[56]
Nephropathy in type 2 diabetes	Decline in renal function	Uromodulin mRNA ↑	242 pts and ctrs	[57]
	Progression of albuminuria	C-megalin	33 pts-11 ctrs	[58]
	Macroalbuminuria	miR-362-3p, miR-877-3p, and miR-150-5p ↑; urinary miR-15a-5p ↓	5 pts-5 ctrs	[106]
AL amyloidosis	Active amyloid formation	Light chain oligomers	4 pts-1 ctr	[71]
			13 pts-1 ctr	[72]
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease	eGFR decline	AQP-2 ↓; APO-A1 ↑	46 pts-11 ctrs	[85]
Cystinuria	eGFR value	165 differentially expressed proteins	8 pts-10 ctrs	[90]