Peripheral Oxidation Markers in Down Syndrome Patients: The Better and the Worse

Table 1

Markers of the Total Antioxidant Activity reviewed in this work.

Description of groups	The result of the DS group, compared with the corresponding, matched control group of healthy subjects (↑elevated, ↓decreased in DS, in comparison with control)
25 DS persons ( y.o.) and 25 siblings ( y.o.)	↑ Resistance (higher lag time) of serum to lipid oxidation (conjugated dienes formation) () (Nagyová, Sustrová, and Raslová 2000).
40 DS children and 20 apparently healthy control children	↑ Plasma levels of ROS species (); ↓ Plasma levels of TAA () (Carratelli et al. 2001).
20 children with DS ( years) and 18 age-matched control ( years)	No difference () in plasma TAA (Zitnanová et al. 2006).
23 DS persons (aged , 18–58 y.o.), and control subjects (females and males divided into age-matched groups with DS persons): aged , 21–60 y.o.) and group of 55 elderly people (aged , 61–93 y.o.)	↓ Plasma TAA (Massaccesi et al. 2006).
61 persons with DS (20.76 y.o., 1.67-46.75 y.o.) and 45 age-matched controls (19.57 y.o., 2.67-47.5 y.o.)	No difference in plasma TAA (Muchová et al. 2007).
13 young adults with DS and 15 control patients (both y.o.), performing submaximal progressive treadmill exercise (10 min at 30 and 50%, and 20 min at 75% of V O2max)	↑ Oxidative stress in plasma of DS persons (+15%; ) at the end of exercise as well as during recovery after the training but not at rest () (Flore et al. 2008).
32 DS persons (children and adults) and 29 controls; 2 age groups: 19 children with DS (mean age y.o. range 1 - 12 y.o.), 14 healthy age-matched controls ( y.o., range 5 - 13 y.o.), and 13 adults: with DS ( years, 43 -57 y.o.) and 15 healthy age-matched controls (mean age years, 43 - 61 y.o.).	↑ TAA in urine of children with DS ().; ↓ TAA in urine of adults with DS ().; Comparison of DS groups: ↑TAA in children than in adults () (Campos et al. 2010).
31 children with DS ( y.o., 18 boys and 13 girls, divided into 3 groups: less than 4 y.o., 4–8 y.o. and>8 y.o.) with equal number of age and sex-matched controls	↓ Levels of plasma TAA in the whole group of children with DS in comparison with non-DS children ().; ↓ Levels of plasma TAA in children with DS younger than 4 y.o. () and in children with DS older than 4 y.o. (insignificantly) (Sulthana et al. 2012a).
34 children with DS (7–12 y.o., mean age 9.44 y.o., 19/15 males/females) and 34 control, age-matched children (7–12 y.o., mean age 9.29 y.o., 13/21 males/females)	↓ TAA activity of saliva (especially boys with DS in comparison with control boys, ) (Subramaniam et al. 2014).
30 patients with DS (14–24 y.o.) and 30 age-matched control subjects	No statistical difference () in the TAA of saliva in both groups (de Sousa et al. 2015).