Peripheral Oxidation Markers in Down Syndrome Patients: The Better and the Worse

Table 2

Sulfur compounds reviewed in this work.

Description of groups	The result of the DS group, compared with the corresponding, matched control group of healthy subjects (↑elevated, ↓decreased in DS, in comparison with control)
8 young male adults with DS, performing physical training (10 min warm-up, aerobic session at a work intensity of 60–75% of VO2 peak lasting from 15 to 25 min, increasing 5 min every 5 weeks and by a 5 min cool-down period, 3 days/week), 8 young male adults with DS in the control group, compared with the healthy population	↑ Plasma GSH levels of the trained group compared with the control group with DS () (Monteiro et al. 1997).
42 children with full (caryotypically confirmed) trisomy 21 and 36 non-DS siblings (mean age y.o.)	↓ Plasmatic Hcy, methionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine; ↓ Plasmatic glutathione () (Pogribna et al. 2001).
A male child with trisomy 21	↓ Plasmatic Hcy in comparison with healthy population (Al-Gazali et al. 2001).
40 DS children and 20 apparently healthy control children	↓ Levels of thiols (sulphydryl groups) () (Carratelli et al. 2001).
Studied 60 children with DS ( years; range 0.5–12 years, 43% females and 57% males) and 29 siblings without DS ( years; range 1–17 years, 51% females and 48% males)	Insignificant () differences in plasma GSH as well as GSSG levels (Pinto et al. 2002).
12 patients with DS and 12 age and sex-matched persons in the control group	No significant differences in the levels of GSH in sera (Cengiz, Seven, and Suyugűl 2002).
46 children with DS (26 females and 20 males; y.o.) and 64 patients without DS (randomly selected 30 males, 34 females; 5.1 ± 2.3 y.o.)	↓ Of all glutathione forms in blood: glutathionyl-haemoglobin (by 44%), GSH + GSSG (by 30%), and GSH (by 25%) (Pastore et al. 2003).
44 persons with DS (mean age 23.2 y.o.) in comparison with 26 control patients (mean age 23.3 y.o.).	↓ GSSG concentration (); ↓ GSH concentration (); No difference in the ratio of GSH/GSSG () (Garaiová et al. 2004).
32 DS patients, 18 females and 14 males, 2 months-57 years (; y.o.), and 67 control subjects in the same age range (; y.o.)	↓ Plasma GSH levels in the (not significantly); ↑ Plasma GSH levels in the (); ↑ Plasma GSSG levels in the (); ↓ Plasma GSSG levels in the (not significantly); ↑ GSSG:GSH ratio in young patients with DS (<15 years); ↓ GSSG:GSH ratio in patients with (Pallardó et al. 2006).
13 DS patients (male, average age 60 years) and 20 age-matched individuals	↑ Plasmatic tHcy levels () (Licastro et al. 2006).
61 persons with DS (20.76 y.o., 1.67-46.75 y.o.) and 45 age-matched controls (19.57 y.o., 2.67-47.5 y.o.)	↓ Of plasma GSH (); No difference in plasma GSSG levels (Muchová et al. 2007).
13 young adults with DS and 15 healthy control patients (both y.o.), performing submaximal progressive treadmill exercise (10 min at 30 and 50%, and 20 min at 75% of V O2max)	↓ Thiols/total proteins ratio in plasma during trainings and recovery () (Flore et al. 2008).
31 children with DS ( y.o., 18 boys and 13 girls, divided into 3 groups: less than 4 y.o., 4 – 8 y.o. and>8 y.o.) with equal number of age and sex-matched controls	↓ Erythrocytic GSH levels in children younger than 8 y.o. (not significantly) and in children older than 8 y.o. (at ) (Sulthana et al. 2012a).
35 persons with DS (median 10–90^th percentile) aged 11.0 y.o. (1.9–27.0 y.o., 20 males) and control group of 47 healthy children and adolescents (median (10–90^th percentile) aged 13.0 y.o. (5.7–17.0 y.o., 21 males)	↑ Plasma levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine (by 51% and 34%, respectively, both at ); ↓ Total serum Hcy (by 29%) () (Obeid et al. 2012).
20 DS persons (10 males and 8 females; 3–12 years, mean age .18 y.o.) and 18 control subjects ( y.o.)	↓ Serum GSH levels (24.9%) (Garlet et al. 2013).
Nontrained 15 men with DS (21–24 y.o., mean age y.o.) taking part in a six-week aerobic training (3 times a week for 6 weeks, 10 min warm-up, 20–25 min of the main phase at work intensity of 60–75% of max. Peak heart rate calculated as 194.5 (0.56×age, 10-minute cool down)	↑ levels of GSH in venous peripheral blood () (Aleksander-Szymanowicz et al. 2014).