Elevated Serum Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol May Increase the Risk and Severity of Coronary Heart Disease and Predict Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Table 5
Odd ratios of CHD, multiple-vessel disease, and high GS in relation to quartiles of small dense low-density lipoprotein.
Variables
sdLDL-C (mmol/L)
<0.58
0.58-0.74
0.75-0.95
>0.95
CHD
Model 1a
Odds ratio (95% CI)
1.00 (ref.)
1.868 (1.062-5.064)
3.168 (1.560-7.616)
2.515 (2.014-5.378)
value
—
0.225
0.129
0.019
Model 2b
Odds ratio (95% CI)
1.00 (ref.)
1.696 (1.226-5.626)
1.587 (1.198-6.876)
2.205 (1.617-5.145)
value
—
0.398
0.198
0.042
Model 3
Odds ratio (95% CI)
1.00 (ref.)
1.626 (1.162-5.464)
1.742 (1.201-6.564)
2.257 (1.792-5.064)
value
—
0.341
0.143
0.023
Multiple-vessel disease
Model 1a
Odds ratio (95% CI)
1.00 (ref.)
1.852 (1.298–4.012)
3.411 (2.127-8.813)
3.781 (2.468–6.061)
p value
—
0.156
0.078
<0.001
Model 2b
Odds ratio (95% CI)
1.00 (ref.)
2.112 (1.353–4.003)
3.177 (1.708-9.242)
3.461 (1.786-6.586)
value
—
0.107
0.129
0.014
Model 3c
Odds ratio (95% CI)
1.00 (ref.)
2.002 (1.310–4.212)
3.158 (1.801–6.745)
3.288 (1.866-7.285)
value
—
0.121
0.009
0.026
High GS
Model 1a
Odds ratio (95% CI)
1.00 (ref.)
1.607 (1.145-5.020)
2.965 (2.050–5.237)
2.891 (2.181–5.257)
value
—
0.101
0.045
<0.001
Model 2b
Odds ratio (95% CI)
1.00 (ref.)
1.872 (1.210-6.512)
2.458 (1.602-8.031)
2.622 (1.991-5.521)
value
—
0.199
0.171
0.028
Model 3c
Odds ratio (95% CI)
1.00 (ref.)
1.602 (1.010-5.112)
2.402 (1.619-7.712)
2.554 (2.044-5.399)
value
—
0.171
0.121
0.022
sdLDL-C: small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; GS: Gensini score; CHD: coronary heart disease; CI: confidence interval. aUnivariate model. bAdjusted for age, sex, and body mass index. cAdditionally adjusted for hemoglobin A1c, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A1, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), hypersensitive C-reactive protein, and homocysteine.
