Myokines and Heart Failure: Challenging Role in Adverse Cardiac Remodeling, Myopathy, and Clinical Outcomes

<div>The pathogenesis of the skeletal muscle myopathy in HF. RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; NO: nitric oxide; NP: natriuretic peptides; IL: interleukin; GDF: growth differential factor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; DHEA: dehydroepiandrosterone; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</div>

Disease Markers

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Figure 1

Figure 1: Myokines and Heart Failure: Challenging Role in Adverse Cardiac Remodeling, Myopathy, and Clinical Outcomes 