Inflammatory Markers in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Hydrocephalus: A Systematic Literature Review

Table 2

Inflammatory markers in PHH patients.

Result	Marker	Reference
↑↑	IL-6; IL-18; VEGF	[26, 35]; [29, 30]; [21, 40]
↑	CCL-3/MIP-1α; CCL-19; CXCL-10/IP-10; HGF; HMGB1; IL-1α; IL-4; IL-12; L1CAM; MMP-9; FasR; sFas; SP-G; sRAGE; TGF-β2; TIMP-1	[35]; [35]; [35]; [40]; [28]; [35]; [35]; [35]; [31]; [26]; [40]; [23]; [34]; [24]; [41]; [26]
↓	TIMP-4; XCL-1	[26]; [35]
→ →	TGF-β1	[21, 35]
→	CXCL-11; CXCL-12; IL-10; L-selectin; SCF; FasL; sFasL; TIMP-2	[35]; [35]; [35]; [26]; [40]; [40]; [30]; [26]
Contr	CCL-2/MCP-1; IL-1β; IL-8; IFN-γ; TNF-α	[26, 35]; [29, 35]; [26, 35]; [30, 35]; [26, 35, 40]

↑↑ = most evidence: significantly increased in PHH patients in two or more studies, and maximum one study reports a contradictory result. ↑ = limited evidence: significantly increased in PHH patients in a single study. ↓ = limited evidence: significantly decreased in PHH patients in a single study. → → = most evidence: no significant difference in two or more studies, and maximum one study reports a contradictory result. → = no significant difference in a single study. Contr = contradicting results. Abbreviations: IL: interleukin; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; CCL: C-C motif chemokine ligand; MIP: macrophage inflammatory protein; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; IP: interferon gamma inducible protein; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; HMGB1: high-mobility group box 1; L1CAM: L1 cell adhesion molecule; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; FasR: Fas receptor; sFas: soluble Fas; SP-G: surfactant protein-G; sRAGE: soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products; TGF: transforming growth factor; TIMP: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; XCL: X-C motif chemokine ligand; SCF: stem cell factor; FasL: Fas ligand; sFasL: soluble fas ligand; MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein; IFN: interferon; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.