Research Article
Homocysteine Level and Risk of Hemorrhage in Brain Arteriovenous Malformations
Table 2
Characteristics of bAVM patients according to Hcy quartiles.
| | Variables | Hcy quartilesa, μmol/L | trend | | All () | Q1 () | Q2 () | Q3 () | Q4 () |
| | Age, y, mean (SD) | 29.6 (14.0) | 23.8 (16.0) | 30.2 (13.7) | 35.4 (12.8) | 28.9 (10.9) | 0.005 | | Sex, male (%) | 79 (55.2) | 11 (30.6) | 17 (48.6) | 22 (61.1) | 29 (80.6) | <0.001 | | Medical history (%) | | | | | | | | Hypertension | 9 (6.3) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (5.7) | 4 (11.1) | 2 (5.6) | 0.448 | | Diabetes mellitus | 3 (2.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (2.8) | 1 (2.8) | 0.438 | | Hyperlipidemia | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.8) | 0 (0) | 0.657 | | Cigarette smoking | 26 (18.2) | 1 (2.8) | 6 (17.1) | 10 (27.8) | 9 (25.0) | 0.007 | | Alcohol drinking | 16 (11.2) | 0 (0) | 4 (11.4) | 8 (22.2) | 4 (11.1) | 0.060 | | Primary symptom (%) | | | | | | | | Hemorrhage | 74 (51.7) | 21 (58.3) | 20 (57.1) | 19 (52.8) | 14 (38.9) | 0.093 | | Seizure | 30 (21.0) | 4 (11.1) | 6 (17.1) | 9 (25.0) | 11 (30.6) | 0.029 | | Neurological dysfunction | 29 (20.3) | 8 (22.2) | 7 (20.0) | 8 (22.2) | 6 (16.7) | 0.629 | | Admission (%) | 15 (10.5) | 9 (25.0) | 1 (2.9) | 2 (5.6) | 3 (8.3) | 0.037 | | AVM characteristics | | | | | | | | Spetzler-Martin grade (%) | | | | | | 0.660 | | I-II | 81 (56.6) | 17 (47.2) | 23 (65.7) | 20 (55.6) | 21 (58.3) | | | III | 42 (29.4) | 13 (36.1) | 8 (22.9) | 12 (33.3) | 9 (25.0) | | | IV-V | 20 (14.0) | 6 (16.7) | 4 (11.4) | 4 (11.1) | 6 (16.7) | | | Maximum diameter, cm, median (IQR) | 3.4 (2.5-4.6) | 4.0 (2.6-4.7) | 3.0 (2.5-4.4) | 3.0 (2.3-3.9) | 3.7 (2.6-5.1) | 0.183 | | Volume, cm3, median (IQR) | 8.6 (4.4-25.0) | 10.9 (5.2-29.7) | 7.2 (5.0-19.3) | 8.2 (3.2-17.7) | 13.9 (4.3-31.8) | 0.239 | | Deep location (%) | 33 (23.1) | 8 (22.2) | 7 (20.0) | 8 (22.2) | 10 (27.8) | 0.549 | | Eloquent location (%) | 72 (50.3) | 19 (52.8) | 18 (51.4) | 19 (52.8) | 16 (44.4) | 0.526 | | Diffusive nidus (%) | 68 (47.6) | 21 (58.3) | 17 (48.6) | 10 (27.8) | 20 (55.6) | 0.434 | | Deep venous drainage (%) | 43 (30.1) | 12 (33.3) | 8 (22.9) | 13 (36.1) | 10 (27.8) | 0.916 | | Associated aneurysms (%) | 21 (14.7) | 6 (16.7) | 5 (14.3) | 6 (16.7) | 4 (11.1) | 0.588 |
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bAVM: brain arteriovenous malformation; Hcy: homocysteine; SD: standard deviation; mRS: modified Rankin Scale; IQR: interquartile range. , significant difference. aSerum levels of Hcy in quartiles: Q1, <10.0 μmol/L; Q2, 10.0-12.3 μmol/L; Q3, 12.4-16.1 μmol/L; and Q4, >16.1 μmol/L. |
