The Association of Long-Term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Histamine H₂ Receptor Antagonists with Clinical Complications in Patients with Severe Sepsis

Table 2

Associated diseases in patients using PPI and H₂ blockers extensively.

Characteristic	Total (%)	PPIs (in ICU) (%)	H2 blockers (in ICU) (%)	value
Hypertension	112837 (26.11)	83490 (27.12)	29347 (25.38)	0.023
Diabetes mellitus	45135 (23.12)	32456 (22.45)	12679 (21.39)	0.19
Cardiovascular disease	50735 (22.34)	38123 (24.12)	12612 (23.19)	0.008
Peripheral artery disease	2248 (1.35)	1597 (1.12)	651 (1.59)	0.021
Chronic lung disease	24637 (12.54)	23611 (12.38)	1026 (12.67)	0.017
Hyperlipidemia	86929 (41.98)	65239 (41.59)	21690 (42.59)	0.005
Chronic kidney disease	3790 (2.12)	2950 (2.17)	840 (2.68)	0.018
Cancer	7691 (4.11)	6423 (4.12)	1268 (4.07)	0.17
Hepatitis C	1706 (0.87)	1248 (0.72)	458 (0.78)	0.102
HIV	18 (0.02)	12 (0.03)	6 (0.01)	0.002
Documented indication of GI used for acid suppression drugs	87326 (39.16)	69380 (48.11)	17946 (36.12)	<0.001
Gastroesophageal reflux disease	78780 (38.12)	61934 (40.12)	16846 (34.56)	0.005
Ulcer disease	10903 (6.11)	9346 (7.12)	1557 (5.13)	0.39
H. pylori infection	702 (0.34)	657 (0.41)	45 (0.17)	0.023
Upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding	3367 (1.61)	3451 (1.81)	126 (1.49)	<0.001
Barrett’s esophagus	284 (0.27)	279 (0.31)	5 (0.01)	0.28
Stricture	1058 (0.61)	1002 (0.71)	56 (0.17)	0.019
Achalasia	46 (0.02)	41 (0.03)	5 (0.01)	0.05
Esophageal adenocarcinoma	35 (0.01)	31 (0.01)	4 (0.01)	0.004