The Association of Long-Term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Histamine H₂ Receptor Antagonists with Clinical Complications in Patients with Severe Sepsis

Table 7

Causes of death in association with PPI (proton pump inhibitor) in 2 years of follow-up.

Cause of death	Rate per 100 (95%)		Burden per 1000 (95% CI)
	PPIs	H2 blockers
All	36.87 (36.23 to 39.45)	31.96 (20.58-34.19)	43.34 (25.12 to 62.02)
Sepsis with chronic kidney disease	12.86 (11.08-14.58)	9.56 (8.07-10.23)	21.36 (9.34 to 23.23)
Circulatory diseases	12.98 (10.59-14.57)	10.45 (9.06-12.05)	16.34 (5.78 to 23.45)
Respiratory diseases	4.58 (3.98-5.03)	4.34 (4.02-4.98)	2.16 (-4.56 to 8.02)
Endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders	1.21 (1.07-1.56)	1.19 (1.07-1.28)	-2.07 (-5.78 to 1.49)
Nervous system	1.55 (1.23-1.98)	1.04 (0.98-1.78)	2.08 (1.56 to 6.34)
Mental disorders	1.16 (1.08-1.20)	1.03 (0.98-1.17)	1.87 (1.65 to 2.95)
Genitourinary system	1.24 (1.02-1.67)	0.74 (0.56-0.98)	5.23 (3.69 to 8.89)
Infectious and parasitic disease	1.98 (1.56-2.01)	0.76 (0.56-0.98)	4.17 (1.44 to 7.49)
External causes	1.35 (1.03-1.78)	1.76 (1.56-1.98)	-3.56 (-10.39 to 1.48)
Esophageal adenocarcinoma	4.19 (3.77-4.96)	4.28 (4.02-4.68)	2.38 (1.56 to 4.02)
Barrett’s esophagus	3.24 (2.53-5.06)	3.62 (2.37-4.93)	1.94 (1.06 to 3.92)
Neoplasms and GI cancers	1.27 (1.08-1.40)	1.63 (0.57-1.97)	1.87 (1.63 to 2.75)
Other causes	0.76 (0.56-0.98)	0.45 (0.32-0.78)	2.08 (-1.56 to 3.59)