Research Article
Construction and Validation of a Risk Prediction Model for Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Suffering from Septic Shock
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the patients with septic shock.
| | Characteristics | Total (n =2415) | Train cohort (n =1690) | Validation cohort (n =725) | value |
| | Demographic variables | | | | | | Age (years) | 65 (55-76) | 65 (55-75) | 65 (55-77) | 0.120 | | Gender, (%) | | | | 0.850 | | Male | 1263 (52.30) | 886 (52.43) | 377 (52.00) | | | Female | 1152 (47.70) | 804 (47.57) | 348 (48.00) | | | Ethnicity, (%) | | | | 0.550 | | Caucasian | 1796 (74.37) | 1251 (74.02) | 545 (75.17) | | | Non-Caucasian | 619 (25.63) | 439 (25.98) | 180 (24.83) | | | Obesity, (%) | | | | 0.020 | | No | 2276 (94.24) | 1580 (93.49) | 696 (96.00) | | | Yes | 619 (5.76) | 110 (6.51) | 29 (4.00) | | | Comorbidities | | | | | | Congestive heart failure, (%) | | | | 0.350 | | No | 1556 (64.43) | 1099 (65.03) | 457 (63.03) | | | Yes | 859 (35.57) | 591 (34.97) | 268 (36.97) | | | Hypertension, (%) | | | | 0.590 | | No | 1379 (57.10) | 971 (57.46) | 408 (56.28) | | | Yes | 1036 (42.90) | 719 (42.54) | 317 (43.72) | | | Diabetes, (%) | | | | 0.660 | | No | 1677 (69.44) | 1169 (69.17) | 508 (70.07) | | | Yes | 738 (30.56) | 521 (30.83) | 217 (29.93) | | | Medications | | | | | | Aminoglycoside, (%) | | | | 0.750 | | No | 2266 (93.83) | 1584 (93.73) | 682 (94.07) | | | Yes | 149 (6.17) | 106 (6.27) | 43 (5.93) | | | Glycopeptide antibiotics, (%) | | | | 0.230 | | No | 690 (28.57) | 495 (29.29) | 195 (26.90) | | | Yes | 1725 (71.43) | 1195 (70.71) | 530 (73.10) | | | NSAIDs, (%) | | | | 0.950 | | No | 714 (29.57) | 499 (29.53) | 215 (29.66) | | | Yes | 1701 (70.43) | 1191 (70.47) | 510 (70.34) | | | Stain, (%) | | | | 0.940 | | No | 1963 (81.28) | 1373(81.24) | 590 (81.38) | | | Yes | 452 (18.72) | 317 (18.76) | 135 (18.62) | | | ACEI/ARBs, (%) | | | | 0.820 | | No | 961 (39.79) | 675 (39.94) | 286 (39.45) | | | Yes | 1454 (60.21) | 1015 (60.06) | 439 (60.55) | | | Mechanical ventilation, (%) | | | | 0.140 | | No | 1138 (47.12) | 787 (46.57) | 351 (48.41) | | | Yes | 1277 (52.88) | 903 (53.43) | 374 (51.59) | | | Scoring systems | | | | | | APS III | 53 (41-68) | 53 (41-67) | 53 (41-68) | 0.830 | | SAPS II | 41 (32-50) | 40 (31-50) | 41 (32.50-51) | 0.830 | | Vital signs | | | | | | Heart rate (beats/minute) | 91 (80-104) | 92 (80-104) | 91 (80-103) | 0.200 | | Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 107 (100-114) | 107 (100-115) | 107 (100-114) | 0.490 | | Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 57 (52-63) | 57 (51-63) | 57(52-63) | 0.710 | | Respiratory rate (beats/minute) | 20 (17-24) | 20 (17-24) | 20 (17-24) | 0.630 | | Temperature (°C) | 36.8 (36.4-37.3) | 36.8 (36.4-37.3) | 36.8 (36.4-37.3) | 0.370 | | SpO2 (%) | 97.4(95.9-98.7) | 97.4 (95.9-98.6) | 97.5 (95.9-98.8) | 0.140 | | Laboratory test | | | | | | Anion gap (mmol/l) | 14.0 (12.5-16.5) | 14.0 (12.0-16.5) | 14.0 (12.5-16.3) | 0.950 | | Bicarbonate (mEq/l) | 22.0 (19-25.5) | 22.0 (19.0-25.5) | 22.0 (18.5-25.5) | 0.150 | | Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.6 (0.4-1.3) | 0.6 (0.4-1.3) | 0.6 (0.4-1.3) | 0.180 | | Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.1 (0.8-1.6) | 1.1 (0.8-1.6) | 1.1 (0.8-1.6) | 0.740 | | Chloride (mEq/l) | 105.5 (101.5-109.5) | 105.5 (101.5-109.5) | 106.0 (101.5-110.0) | 0.150 | | Glucose (mg/dl) | 134.5 (109.5-171) | 134.5 (110.0-170.13) | 135.5 (108.5-172.8) | 0.790 | | Lactate (mmol/l) | 30.9 (27.9-34.4) | 1.9 (1.4-2.9) | 2.0 (1.4-3.1) | 0.290 | | Platelets (K/UL) | 217.5 (137-305) | 215.0 (135.5-305.0) | 224.50 (143.5-306.8) | 0.300 | | Potassium (mEq/l) | 4.1 (3.8-4.6) | 4.1 (3.8-4.6) | 4.1 (3.8-4.6) | 0.870 | | PTT (seconds) | 34.6 (29.2-43.5) | 34.7 (29.3-43.7) | 34.3 (28.9-42.93) | 0.210 | | APTT (seconds) | 15.3 (13.6-18.35) | 15.3 (13.7-18.5) | 15.1 (13.5-18.2) | 0.150 | | BUN (mg/dl) | 24 (15.5-38.5) | 24.0 (15.5-39.0) | 24.5 (16.0-37.5) | 0.460 | | WBC (K/UL) | 12.7 (8.1-17.9) | 12.7 (8.0-17.9) | 12.70 (8.5-18.0) | 0.310 | | Neutrophils (%) | 78.9 (65.7-87) | 78.7 (65.0-87.0) | 79.5 (67.0-87.0) | 0.460 | | Lymphocytes (%) | 9 (5-15.4) | 9.0 (5.0-15.4) | 9.0 (5.0-15.5) | 0.960 | | Culture | | | | | | Gram-positive bacteria, (%) | | | | 0.300 | | No | 1914 (79.25) | 1344 (79.53) | 570 (78.62) | | | Yes | 501 (20.75) | 346 (20.47) | 155 (21.38) | | | Gram-negative bacteria, (%) | | | | 0.490 | | No | 2122 (87.87) | 1489 (88.11) | 633 (87.31) | | | Yes | 293 (12.13) | 201 (11.89) | 92 (12.69) | | | AKI | | | | 0.650 | | No | 849 (35.16) | 599 (35.44) | 250 (34.48) | | | Yes | 1566 (64.84) | 1091 (64.56) | 475 (65.52) | |
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NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers; APS III: acute physiology score III; SAPS II: simplified acute physiology score II; PTT: prothrombin time; APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; WBC: white blood cell; AKI: acute kidney injury.
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