Disease Markers

Research Article

HFpEF and Atrial Fibrillation: The Enigmatic Interplay of Dysmetabolism, Biomarkers, and Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction

Table 1

Demographics, clinical data, biomarkers, and parameters of vascular and cardiac function.
AllHFpEF with AFHFpEF without AF
Age, mean (SD), and years80.6 (6.6)81.6 (6.9)79.3 (6.0)0.216
Female sex, (%)35 (67%)17 (57%)18 (82%)0.076
BMI, mean (SD) (kg/m2)31.3 (7.1)31.1 (8.5)31.2 (4.9)0.779
NYHA I/II/III, 7/40/53/24/34/16/20.694
Coronary heart disease, (%)14 (27%)8 (27%)6 (27%)0.961
Valvular heart disease, (%)10 (19%)7 (23%)3 (14%)0.381
Arterial hypertension, (%)51 (98%)30 (100%)21 (96%)0.238
Smoking, (%)19 (37%)11 (37%)8 (36%)1.000
Diabetes mellitus, (%)17 (33%)7 (23%)10 (45%)0.093
LV EF, mean (SD) (%)63.2 (6.4)63.3 (5.7)63.1 (7.3)0.945
E/e, mean (SD)14.2 (4.1)14.2 (4.1)14.2 (4.1)0.990
LAVI, mean (SD) (mL/m2)46.0 (15.8)52.1 (16.7)37.6 (9.7)<0.001
sPAP, mean (SD) (mmHg)37.9 (11.3)40.2 (12.7)34.8 (8.5)0.072
Mitral regurgitation no/mild/moderate, 6/39/72/23/54/16/20.363
ACEi/ARB percentage of maximal dose, median (Q1-Q3) (%)50 (16-100)50 (10-100)50 (19-100)0.657
Beta blockers percentage of maximal dose, median (Q1-Q3) (%)25 (25-69)50 (25-100)25 (13-50)0.069
Loop diuretics, (%)37 (71%)24 (80%)13 (59%)0.100
FMD, mean (SD) (%)9.7 (6.5)9.4 (6.7)10.0 (6.4)0.792
PWV, mean (SD) (m/s)8.0 (1.3)7.8 (1.4)8.4 (1.2)0.122
NT-proBNP, median (Q1-Q3) (ng/L)1280 (535-2585)2365 (1310-4123)529 (228-732)<0.001
IGF-1, median (Q1-Q3) (ng/mL)22.3 (17.0-37.3)25.2 (16.8-44.2)22.3 (17.0-36.1)0.871
Irisin, median (Q1-Q3) (ng/mL)7.7 (3.5-19.5)4.8 (2.6-12.7)13.5 (7.1-31.5)0.007
Leptin, median (Q1-Q3) (ng/L)11.0 (6.0-18.0)9.5 (5.3-15.0)15.0 (11.0-26.0)0.023
Adiponectin, median (Q1-Q3) (ng/L)456 (336-491)420 (334-494)472 (398-491)0.474
MDA, median (Q1-Q3) (ng/mL)352 (283-580)293 (273-423)450 (342-952)0.017
HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; AF: atrial fibrillation; SD: standard deviation; Q1-Q3: interquartile range; BMI: body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; E/e: E-wave divided by e velocity; LAVI: left atrial volume index; sPAP: systolic pulmonary pressure; ACEi/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers; FMD: flow-mediated dilation; PWV: pulse wave velocity; NT-proBNP: N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1; MDA: malondialdehyde.