Human urological malignancies (UMs) represent a spectrum of malignancies with huge burden of disease. Conventional clinical management for UMs mainly relies on invasive diagnostics and treatment strategies guided by less precise population-level evidence.

For certain aggressive UMs, such as muscle-invasive bladder cancer and castration-resistant prostate cancer, treatments with adequate effectiveness are yet to be established. These challenges warrant the active discovery of biomarkers which form the basis for accurate and less invasive diagnostic approaches as well as for individualized therapies for UM.

In this Special Issue, we call for research and review articles on the innovation and clinical application of biomarkers for UMs. Research papers reporting multidisciplinary findings, such as those involving omics-based discovery as well as preclinical/clinical validation, are especially welcome.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Innovation and application of nucleic acid, protein, and imaging biomarkers for UMs
• Liquid biopsy for UMs
• Evidence-based medicine for UM biomarkers
• Molecular subtyping and personalized medicine for UMs
• Molecular epidemiologic biomarkers for UMs
• High-tech UM biomarker discovery (single-cell omics, multiplexed imaging, artificial intelligence, etc.)