Diabetes mellitus is a complex multi-system disorder that may be classified as autoimmune mediated type 1 diabetes, or as insulin resistance associated type 2 diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, there is selective loss of the beta cells within the endocrine islets, as a consequence of T-cell and cytokine mediated destruction of these cells, perhaps in conjunction with destruction of the peri-islet Schwann cells. In type 2 diabetes, the etiology of the resistance ranges from post-receptor defects in the insulin signaling pathway to excessive production of adipocyte derived cytokines that antagonize insulin action to mitochondrial defects that interfere with glucose disposal. Proteome based technologies are providing new insights into these defects.

Murray Korc

Update on Diabetes Mellitus

Heart disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. As such, biomarkers are needed for the diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic monitoring and risk stratification of acute injury (acute myocardial infarction (AMI)) and chronic disease (heart failure). The procedure for biomarker development involves the discovery, validation, and translation into clinical practice of a panel of candidate proteins to monitor risk of heart disease. Two types of biomarkers are possible; heart-specific and cardiovascular pulmonary system monitoring markers. Here we review the use of MS in the process of cardiac biomarker discovery and validation by proteomic analysis of cardiac myocytes/tissue or serum/plasma. An example of the use of MS in biomarker discovery is given in which the albumin binding protein sub-proteome was examined using MALDI-TOF MS/MS. Additionally, an example of MS in protein validation is given using affinity surface enhanced laser desorption ionization (SELDI) to monitor the disease-induced post-translational modification and the ternary status of myoctye-originating protein, cardiac troponin I in serum.

Brian A. Stanley

Rebekah L. Gundry

Robert J. Cotter

Jennifer E. Van Eyk

Heart Disease, Clinical Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry

Karin D. Rodland

Mass Spectrometry and Biomarker Development

George M. Kunz

Daniel W. Chan

The Use of Laser Capture Microscopy in Proteomics Research &#x2013; A Review

The identification of autoantibodies to tumor cell proteins by proteomics approaches has great potential impact on cancer biomarker discovery. The humoral immune response represents a form of biological amplification of signals that are otherwise weak due to very low concentrations of antigen, especially in the early stages of cancers. In addition, proteomics can detect immunoreactivity directed against protein post-translational modifications. Two-dimensional gel based Western blots, protein antigen microarrays, and multiplex ELISA reactions have been applied by our group to antigen based biomarker detection and validation. The latter two are based on liquid-phase separations that are suitable for automation. This work has resulted in the identification of numerous cancer biomarker candidates. Large clinical studies are currently planned to establish their value in early cancer diagnosis.

Yuji Imafuku

Gilbert S. Omenn

Samir Hanash

Proteomics Approaches to Identify Tumor Antigen Directed Autoantibodies as Cancer Biomarkers

Identifying useful markers of cancer can be problematic due to limited amounts of sample. Some samples such as nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) or early-stage tumors are inherently small. Other samples such as serum are collected in larger volumes but archives of these samples are very valuable and only small amounts of each sample may be available for a single study. Also, given the diverse nature of cancer and the inherent variability in individual protein levels, it seems likely that the best approach to screen for cancer will be to determine the profile of a battery of proteins. As a result, a major challenge in identifying protein markers of disease is the ability to screen many proteins using very small amounts of sample. In this review, we outline some technological advances in proteomics that greatly advance this capability. Specifically, we propose a strategy for identifying markers of breast cancer in NAF that utilizes mass spectrometry (MS) to simultaneously screen hundreds or thousands of proteins in each sample. The best potential markers identified by the MS analysis can then be extensively characterized using an ELISA microarray assay. Because the microarray analysis is quantitative and large numbers of samples can be efficiently analyzed, this approach offers the ability to rapidly assess a battery of selected proteins in a manner that is directly relevant to traditional clinical assays.

Richard C. Zangar

Susan M. Varnum

Chandice Y. Covington

Richard D. Smith

A Rational Approach for Discovering and Validating Cancer Markers in Very Small Samples Using Mass Spectrometry and ELISA Microarrays

The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) Plasma Proteome Project has mounted a Pilot Phase focussed on key problems essential for standardization of specimen collection, specimen handling, choice of fractionation and analysis technologies, and search engines and databases for protein identifications. This international collaboration will lay the groundwork for many large-scale clinical and epidemiological studies of health and disease.

Advancement of Biomarker Discovery and Validation through the HUPO Plasma Proteome Project

About this journal

Disease Markers publishes papers related to the identification of disease markers, the elucidation of their role and mechanism, as well as their application in the prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Journal profile

Meet the editorial board

Chief Editor Paola Gazzaniga is an Associate Professor in the Department of Molecular Medicine at Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. Her core research focuses on liquid biopsies in patients with solid tumors.

Editor spotlight

Submit your proposal

Do you think there is an emerging area of research that really needs to be highlighted? Or an existing research area that has been overlooked or would benefit from deeper investigation? Raise the profile of a research area by leading a Special Issue.

Special Issues

Author guidelines

Editorial board

Databases and indexing

title

Disease Markers publishes papers related to the identification of disease markers, the elucidation of their role and mechanism, as well as their application in the prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

description

https://images.hindawi.com/journals/dm/dm.banner.jpg

twitter:card

twitter:description

twitter:site

twitter:title

twitter:url

twitter:image

Disease Markers | Hindawi

Disease Markers

This Issue is now open for submissions.
Papers are published upon acceptance, regardless of the Special Issue publication date.

Disease Markers

Mass Spectrometry and Biomarker Development

Mass Spectrometry and Biomarker Development

Articles

Update on Diabetes Mellitus

Heart Disease, Clinical Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry

Mass Spectrometry and Biomarker Development

The Use of Laser Capture Microscopy in Proteomics Research – A Review

Proteomics Approaches to Identify Tumor Antigen Directed Autoantibodies as Cancer Biomarkers

A Rational Approach for Discovering and Validating Cancer Markers in Very Small Samples Using Mass Spectrometry and ELISA Microarrays

Advancement of Biomarker Discovery and Validation through the HUPO Plasma Proteome Project