A neurological disorder is any disorder of the nervous system. Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord or other nerves can result in a range of symptoms. Biomarkers provide a dynamic and powerful approach to understanding the spectrum of neurological disease with applications in observational and analytic epidemiology, randomized clinical trials, screening, diagnosis and prognosis. Defined as alterations in the constituents of tissues or body fluids, these markers offer the means for homogeneous classification of a disease and risk factors, and they can extend our knowledge about the underlying pathogenesis of disease. Biomarkers can also reflect the entire spectrum of disease from the earliest manifestations to the terminal stages. Careful assessment of the validity of biomarkers is required with respect to the stage of disease. Causes of variability in the measurement of biomarkers range from the individual to the laboratory.

For certain neurological disorders, such as Glioma, Stroke, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's and autism, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are yet to be established. These challenges warrant the active discovery of biomarkers which form the basis for accurate and less invasive diagnostic approaches as well as for individualized therapies for these disorders.

In this Special Issue, we call for research and review articles on the innovation and clinical application of biomarkers for malignant and benign neurological diseases. Research papers reporting multidisciplinary findings, such as those involving in preclinical/clinical validation, are especially welcome.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Diagnostic and prognostic markers associated with malignant and benign neurological diseases
• Biomarkers and drug resistance in malignant and benign neurological disease
• Biomarkers and malignant and benign neurological disease progression/development/risk
• Biomarker discovery in malignant and benign neurological disease
• Gut flora and biomarkers in malignant and benign neurological disease
• Basic to clinical research