Review Article
Genetics of Uveal Melanoma and Cutaneous Melanoma: Two of a Kind?
Table 2
Commonest known genetic changes in CM and UM.
| CM | | | | | |
| | Gene | Mechanism | Location | Cases (%) | Reference |
| Proto oncogenes | NRAS | mutation | 1p13 | 15–25 | [71, 72] | AKT3 | amplification | 1q44 | 40–67 | [73] | BRAF | mutation | 7q34 | 36–61 | [74–76] | NBS1 | amplification | 8q21 | | [77] | MYC | amplification | 8q24 | 1–40 | [78–80] | DDEF1 | amplification | 8q24 | — | | GNAQ | mutation | 9p21 | | [81] | CCND1 | amplification | 11q13 | 6–44 | [82–84] | HDM2 | amplification | 12q15 | — | | BCL-2 | amplification | 18q21 | >90% | [85, 86] |
| Tumor suppressor genes | LZTS1 | deletion | 8p21 | — | | CDKN2A-sporadic | deletion, mutation | 9p21 | | [87] | CDKN2A-familial | deletion, mutation | 9p21 | 30–80 | [88–91] | PTEN | deletion, mutation | 10q23 | 10–40 | [92–94] |
| UM | | | | | |
| | Gene | Mechanism | Location | Cases (%) | Reference |
| Proto oncogenes | NRAS | mutation | 1p13 | | [95–98] | AKT3 | amplification | 1q44 | — | | BRAF | mutation | 7q34 | | [81, 99–101] | NBS1 | amplification | 8q21 | 50 | [62, 102] | MYC | amplification | 8q24 | 43 | [103] | DDEF1 | amplification | 8q24 | 50 | [63, 69] | GNAQ | mutation | 9p21 | 46 | [81, 104] | CCND1 | amplification | 11q13 | 65 | [69, 105–107] | HDM2 | amplification | 12q15 | 97 | [69, 105, 106] | BCL-2 | amplification | 18q21 | 100 | [105, 108, 109] |
| Tumor suppressor genes | LZTS1 | deletion | 8p21 | — | [23] | CDKN2A-sporadic | deletion, mutation | 9p21 | | [110] | CDKN2A-familial | deletion, mutation | 9p21 | | [110] | PTEN | deletion, mutation | 10q23 | 15 | [111, 112] |
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— no data available. arely observed or sporadic reports in literature. bserved in 83% of blue naevi. bserved in 48% of iris melanomas.
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