A Review on Assessment and Treatment for Depression in Malaysia

Table 1

Studies on the assessment of depression in Malaysia.

Study	Target group	𝑛	Ethnicity (%)	Gender; (n or %)	Measure	Cronbach’s (α)	Validity	EFA/CFA
(1) Quek et al. [19]	Urological	237	Malays Chinese (majority) Indian	NA	BDI	Internal Rel. (0.56–0.87); test-retest (0.56–0.87)	Discriminant; specificity and sensitivity	NA
(2) Azah et al. [20]	Primary care	265	Malays (100)	Male (𝑛=101) Female (𝑛=164)	PHQ-9, HDRS, HADS	Internal Rel. (0.67); test-retest (0.73)	Concurrent; specificity and sensitivity	NA
(3) Oei and Mukhtar [21]	Students, general community, primary care, and depressed patients	1050	Malays (100)	Male (𝑛=270) Female (𝑛=820)	ATQ, BDI, DAS	Internal Rel. (0.90)	Concurrent and discriminant; specificity and sensitivity	EFA/CFA
(4) Mukhtar and Oei [22]	Students, general community, primary care, and depressed patients	1050	Malays (100)	Male (𝑛=270) Female (𝑛=820)	BDI, ATQ, DAS	Internal Rel. (0.90)	Concurrent and discriminant; specificity and sensitivity	EFA/CFA
(5) Ramli et al.	Patients with diabetes	153	Malays (12) Chinese (16) Indian (17)	Male (75) Female (78)	DASS-21	Internal Rel. (0.74–0.79)	Construct	CFA
(6) Mukhtar and Oei [23]	Students, general community, primary care, and depressed patients (𝑛=113)	1050	Malays (100)	Male (𝑛=270) Female (𝑛=820)	DAS, BDI, ATQ	Internal Rel. (0.82)	Concurrent and discriminant; specificity and sensitivity	EFA/CFA
(7) Ramli et al.	Patients at Infertility Centre	246	Malays (230) Chinese (7) Indian (6) Others (3)	Male (123) Female (123)	DASS-21, HADS	Internal Rel. (0.81–0.83); test-retest (0.82–0.84)	Concurrent	NA

Note: Key to measure: (ATQ): Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire; (BDI): Beck Depression Inventory; (DAS): Dysfunctional Attitude Scale; (DASS-21): Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21; (HARS): Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; (HDRS): Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; (PHQ-9): Malay Version of Brief Patient Health Questionnaire; 𝑛 = No. of subjects.