Depressive and Aggressive Responses to Frustration: Development of a Questionnaire and Its Validation in a Sample of Male Alcoholics

Figure 1

mean reactions + SEM to withdrawal of positive reinforcers (pos) and encounter with negative reinforcers (neg) in nonhuman (NH, (a)) and human (H, (b)) conditions of frustration (1–6 see responses to QDF scales in Section 2.1., 1 + 5 = depressive, 3 + 6 = aggressive, and 2 + 4 = indifferent responses; *𝑃<.05; **𝑃<.01 before Bonferroni adjustment; ⁺𝑃<.05; ⁺⁺𝑃<.01 after Bonferroni adjustment of significance level).

(a)

(b)