Predictors of Time to Relapse/Recurrence after Electroconvulsive Therapy in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Table 4

Multivariate Cox regression analysis of the influence of comorbid substance dependence, inpatient/outpatient status, lithium treatment, benzodiazepine treatment, and antipsychotics treatment on the risk for psychiatric hospitalisation or suicide during followup (𝑛=479).

At last step	Hazard ratio (HR)	95% Confidence interval (CI)	𝑃
Outpatient	0.42	0.28–0.64	0.00
Substance dependence	1.88	1.26–2.80	0.00
Benzodiazepines	1.50	1.08–2.10	0.02
Antipsychotics	1.39	1.02–1.88	0.04
Lithium	0.58	0.32–1.02	0.06
	Model chi-square = 40.0, 𝑑𝑓=5, 𝑃<0.001