Influence of Spirituality on Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Suicidality in Active Duty Military Personnel

Table 3

Logistic regression model parameters, interactions included.

Independent variables	DV
	Depression	PTSD	Suicidality
		OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
High spirituality	ref	ref	ref
Moderate spirituality	1.07 (0.91–1.27)	0.73 (0.51–1.02)	1.27 (0.85–1.89)
Low spirituality	0.98 (0.85–1.13)	0.81 (0.52–1.27)	1.06 (0.68–1.65)
Male	ref	ref	ref
Female	1.63 (1.49–1.79)^*	1.63 (1.40–1.90)^*	1.24 (1.04–1.47)^*
17–20	1.33 (1.11–1.60)^*	1.25 (0.94–1.67)	0.98 (0.69–1.40)
21–25	0.96 (0.83–1.11)	0.97 (0.82–1.14)	0.87 (0.67–1.12)
26–34	0.85 (0.74–0.97)^*	0.93 (0.76–1.15)	0.79 (0.63–0.99)^*
35 or older	ref	ref	ref
Non-Hispanic white	ref	ref	ref
Non-Hispanic black	1.08 (0.98–1.19)	1.01 (0.82–1.24)	1.44 (1.12–1.86)^*
Hispanic	1.10 (0.99–1.21)	1.10 (0.90–1.33)	1.46 (1.17–1.83)^*
Non-Hispanic other	1.27 (1.10–1.46)^*	1.46 (1.22–1.75)^*	1.97 (1.57–2.49)^*
High school or less	ref	ref	ref
Some college	1.10 (1.00–1.20)^*	1.08 (0.93–1.26)	0.96 (0.82–1.12)
College degree or more	1.10 (0.95–1.28)	0.95 (0.76–1.18)	0.99 (0.80–1.21)
E1–E3	1.79 (1.33–2.40)^*	3.95 (2.10–7.42)^*	2.39 (1.28–4.47)^*
E4–E6	1.55 (1.21–1.99)^*	2.92 (1.59–5.37)^*	2.16 (1.24–3.74)^*
E7–E9	1.14 (0.84–1.54)	1.87 (0.95–3.66)	1.68 (1.00–2.84)
W1–W5	0.87 (0.71–1.06)	0.75 (0.16–3.50)	1.70 (0.89–3.23)
O1–O3	1.11 (0.88–1.40)	1.85 (0.88–3.93)	1.69 (0.96–2.97)
O4–O10	ref	ref	ref
Not deployed	1.18 (0.97–1.42)	1.14 (0.76–1.69)	1.56 (1.08–2.26)^*
No combat exposure	ref	ref	ref
Moderate combat exposure	0.83 (0.65–1.05)	0.69 (0.44–1.07)	1.08 (0.66–1.75)
High combat exposure	1.42 (1.14–1.77)^*	2.97 (1.94–4.56)^*	1.64 (0.97–2.80)
Active coping	0.68 (0.65–0.72)^*	0.67 (0.62–0.73)^*	0.65 (0.58–0.73)^*
Avoidant coping	3.21 (3.02–3.41)^*	3.10 (2.80–3.43)^*	1.89 (1.70–2.11)^*
High spirituality, nondeployed	NA	NA	NA
High spirituality, no exposure	NA	NA	NA
High spirituality, moderate exposure	NA	NA	NA
High spirituality, high exposure	NA	NA	NA
Medium spirituality, nondeployed	0.81 (0.65–1.01)	1.01 (0.65–1.58)	0.55 (0.35–0.87)^*
Medium spirituality, no exposure	NA	NA	NA
Medium spirituality, moderate exposure	1.55 (1.20–2.01)^*	2.05 (1.22–3.43)^*	0.70 (0.37–1.30)
Medium spirituality, high exposure	1.09 (0.84–1.41)	1.41 (0.86–2.31)	0.65 (0.34–1.24)
Low spirituality, nondeployed	0.80 (0.63–1.01)	0.93 (0.54–1.61)	0.77 (0.48–1.24)
Low spirituality, no exposure	NA	NA	NA
Low spirituality, moderate exposure	1.42 (1.07–1.88)^*	1.46 (0.81–2.65)	0.81 (0.46–1.43)
Low spirituality, high exposure	1.10 (0.78–1.56)	1.06 (0.57–2.00)	0.89 (0.42–1.89)

Note: NA indicates interaction term included reference level of one or more predictors and was not estimable.