Gender Differences in Depression: Assessing Mediational Effects of Overt Behaviors and Environmental Reward through Daily Diary Monitoring

Table 1

Time duration and reward value of overt behaviors as a function of gender.

Behavioral domain	Male	Female	t	P	d
Total domains engaged	9.5 (1.5)	10.1 (1.3)	2.04	<0.05	0.59
Total average reward	2.6 (0.6)	2.9 (0.4)	2.13	<0.05
Social	28.5 (24.6)	35.4 (16.4)	1.51	0.13
Social reward	3.2 (0.6)	3.6 (0.3)	3.20	<0.01	0.84
Physical	12.2 (15.8)	6.8 (7.7)	2.04	<0.05	0.43
Physical reward	2.9 (1.0)	3.0 (0.8)	0.14	0.89
Health/hygiene	6.2 (5.4)	11.5 (5.6)	4.10	<0.01	0.96
Health/hygiene reward	2.6 (0.8)	2.6 (0.7)	0.19	0.85
Spiritual	1.3 (3.0)	4.3 (6.6)	2.30	<0.05	0.59
Spiritual reward	2.9 (0.9)	3.5 (0.8)	1.48	0.15
Educational	62.7 (22.0)	67.6 (21.1)	0.98	0.33
Educational reward	1.8 (0.6)	1.9 (0.6)	0.65	0.52
Passivity/sedentary	68.0 (21.9)	61.8 (20.0)	1.30	0.20
Passivity/sedentary reward	3.1 (0.7)	3.4 (0.6)	2.00	<0.05	0.46
Sexual	2.3 (4.7)	0.8 (2.3)	2.02	<0.05	0.41
Sexual reward	3.7 (0.6)	3.7 (0.4)	0.15	0.88
Employment	16.6 (25.0)	14.0 (18.9)	0.53	0.60
Employment reward	2.4 (0.8)	2.7 (0.8)	0.89	0.38
Hobbies/recreation	15.6 (26.0)	6.3 (8.5)	2.40	<0.05	0.51
Hobbies/recreation reward	3.2 (0.6)	3.4 (0.5)	1.23	0.23
Eating alone	6.8 (4.7)	6.2 (6.3)	0.44	0.66
Eating alone reward	2.7 (0.7)	2.7 (0.8)	0.19	0.85
Eating with others	11.9 (8.5)	16.4 (10.0)	2.04	<0.05	0.48
Eating with others reward	3.1 (0.7)	3.5 (0.5)	2.81	<0.01	0.66
Travel	13.8 (11.8)	11.9 (12.9)	0.65	0.52
Travel reward	2.0 (0.7)	2.1 (0.8)	0.11	0.91
Other	5.4 (7.7)	8.8 (8.4)	1.77	0.08
Other reward	1.8 (0.7)	2.4 (0.8)	2.82	<0.01	0.80

(1) For behavioral domains, time is presented in hours per week. (2) “d” refers to Cohen’s effect size [73].