The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Paternal Depression from the Antenatal to the Postpartum Period and the Relationships between Antenatal and Postpartum Depression among Fathers in Hong Kong

Table 2

Sample characteristics and attrition analysis of expectant fathers with comparison between fathers who completed all time points and fathers who dropped out at six weeks postpartum.

	Participants that; dropped out at 6 weeks; postpartum (𝑛=150)		Participant that; completed all; 3 time points; (𝑛=187)
Significance level at Bonferroni correction: 0.05/5 = 0.01
Demographic risk factors
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age	(13)
	33.95	4.94	34.88	5.61	𝑡(322)=−1.56; 𝑃=.12
	𝑁	%	𝑁	%
Marital status	(2)
Married/cohabitating	146	43.32	185	53.22	𝜒^2(1,𝑁=335)=1.53,; 𝑃=.22
Divorce/single	3	0.89	1	0.30
Parity	(6)
Primigravida	101	29.97	119	35.31	𝜒^2(1,𝑁=331)=.38,; 𝑃=.54
Multigravida	47	13.95	64	18.99
Education level	(1)
Secondary or below	59	17.51	73	21.66	𝜒^2(1,𝑁=336)=.011,; 𝑃=.92
Tertiary or above	90	26.71	114	33.83
Family income	(12)
<20000	21	6.23	36	10.68	𝜒^2(2,𝑁=325)=3.67,; 𝑃=.16
20000–30000	30	8.90	47	13.95
>30000	93	27.60	98	29.08
Significance level with Bonferroni correction: 0.05/9 = 0.0056
Psychosocial risk factors
	𝑁	%	𝑁	%
Planned/unplanned pregnancy	(2)
Planned pregnancy	115	34.12	161	47.77	𝜒^2(1,𝑁=335)=5.01,; 𝑃=.025
Unplanned pregnancy	34	10.10	25	7.42
Baseline marital dissatisfaction	(4)
Marital distress	17	5.04	28	8.31	𝜒^2(1,𝑁=333)=.86,; 𝑃=.36
Marital satisfied	130	38.58	158	46.88
Marital dissatisfaction in late pregnancy	(13)
Marital distress	18	5.34	29	8.61	𝜒^2(1,𝑁=324)=.84,; 𝑃=.36
Marital satisfied	126	37.39	151	44.81
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Baseline self-esteem	(14)
	21.49	4.68	21.39	4.36	𝑡(322)=−1.56; 𝑃=.12
Self-esteem in late pregnancy	(8)
	21.67	4.53	21.44	4.36	𝑡(327)=.47; 𝑃=.64
Baseline social support	(8)
	64.82	13.08	62.42	14.03	𝑡(327)=1.59,; 𝑃=.11
Social support in late pregnancy	(5)
	63.76	13.45	61.36	14.78	𝑡(330)=1.52,; 𝑃=.13
Baseline work-family conflict	(21)
	30.52	12.02	30.24	11.47	𝑡(314)=.21,; 𝑃=.83
Work-family conflict in late pregnancy	(25)
	31.22	12.04	30.88	12.96	𝑡(310)=.24,; 𝑃=.81
Significance level with Bonferroni correction: 0.05/13 = 0.0038
Main outcome variables
Mental health problems	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Baseline depression	(22)
	5.00	3.59	5.22	3.60	𝑡(313)=−.55,; 𝑃=.58
Depression in late pregnancy	(19)
	5.31	4.07	5.17	3.32	𝑡(316)=.36,; 𝑃=.72