Leukocyte Gene Expression in Patients with Medication Refractory Depression before and after Treatment with ECT or Isoflurane Anesthesia: A Pilot Study

Table 1

Demographic and medical data for controls (CON) and depressive disorder (DD) patients at pretreatment.

	CON	ECT	ISO	All DD (ECT + ISO)
Number of subjects	𝑛=17	𝑛=14	𝑛=8	𝑛=22
Age (years)	47.5±3.15	40.9±3.2	38.5±4.0	40.0±2.3^a
Gender: male/female	6/11	9/5	5/3	14/8
Diagnosis: MDD/BPD	—	11/3	6/2	17/5
Inpatient/outpatient	—	7/7	0/8	7/15
Number of treatments	—	9.9±0.4	9.6±0.4	9.8±0.3
HRSD pretreatment	—	35.6±1.8	26.6±1.4	32.3±1.5
HRSD posttreatment	—	12.7±2.5^b	12.5±3.6^b	12.6±2.0^b
QIDS pretreatment	—	18.7±1.2	17.0±0.8	18.0±0.8
QIDS posttreatment	—	13.3±1.3^c	9.9±1.4^c	11.8±1.0^c
No medication	17	2	2	4
Any antidepressants (classes below)	0	11 (78.5%)	5 (62.5%)	16 (72.7%)
SSRIs	0	5	2	7
NRI	0	1	0	1
SNRI	0	6	3	9
Tricyclic	0	0	0	0
Anticonvulsants (none, stopped, continued)	0	4/4/6	4/2/2	8/6/8
Antipsychotics	0	4	5	9

aAge was marginally lower in All DD compared to CON group (𝑃=0.06), and thus was included as a covariate in all subsequent analyses where it was related to the outcome measure (at least 𝑃<0.10).
^bHRSD was significantly decreased at Post compared to Pre (ECT 𝑃<0.001, ISO 𝑃<0.01).
^cQIDS was significantly decreased at Post compared to Pre (ECT 𝑃=0.0046, ISO 𝑃=0.0011).
SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), NRI (norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), SNRI (mixed serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor).