Symptom Endorsement and Sociodemographic Correlates of Postnatal Distress in Three Low Income Countries

Table 3

Correlates of maternal distress.

	Ethiopia		Andhra Pradesh		Vietnam
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Maternal age (years)	1.01	[0.99, 1.03]	1.03	[1.00, 1.06]	1.00	[0.97, 1.03]
Child age (months)	1.00	[0.97, 1.04]	1.01	[0.98, 1.04]	1.01	[0.98, 1.05]
Female (versus male) child	0.94	[0.77, 1.15]	0.83	[0.70, 1.00]	0.96	[0.82, 1.13]
Household wealth index	0.47	[0.10, 2.11]	0.15	[0.07, 0.34]	0.12	[0.06, 0.23]
Urban (versus rural) setting	1.73	[1.00, 2.98]	1.56	[0.50, 4.89]	2.82	[1.71, 4.64]
No partner (versus having partner)	1.32	[0.99, 1.74]	2.29	[0.90, 5.79]	3.52	[1.98, 6.24]
Low (versus more than primary) education	1.15	[0.79, 1.69]	1.23	[1.00, 1.51]	1.04	[0.82, 1.33]
Unwanted (versus wanted) pregnancy	1.92	[1.62, 2.27]	1.07	[0.61, 1.88]	0.81	[0.55, 1.20]
Having > 3 (versus 1–3) children	1.40	[1.08, 1.81]	1.06	[0.60, 1.89]	1.18	[0.82, 1.69]
Experiencing an economic shock (versus not)	1.96	[1.43, 2.69]	1.29	[0.97, 1.73]	2.34	[1.73, 3.16]
Child life-threatening incident (versus not)	1.86	[1.51, 2.28]	1.43	[1.16, 1.77]	1.60	[1.17, 2.19]
Child long-term health problem (versus not)	1.46	[0.99, 2.16]	2.15	[1.50, 3.09]	3.72	[2.31, 6.01]
Death of a child (versus not)	1.12	[0.87, 1.43]	1.11	[0.82, 1.51]	1.73	[1.16, 2.57]
Maternal livelihood activities (ref: none)
One	1.02	[0.77, 1.35]	1.11	[0.83, 1.50]	0.65	[0.48, 0.86]
Two or more	1.37	[0.94, 1.98]	1.17	[0.80, 1.70]	0.58	[0.42, 0.79]
Maternal group membership (ref: low)
Med	0.94	[0.70, 1.24]	1.16	[0.95, 1.42]	1.32	[1.00, 1.74]
High	1.72	[1.11, 2.68]	0.61	[0.11, 3.40]	1.18	[0.59, 2.38]
High (versus low/medium) CSC	0.57	[0.37, 0.89]	0.67	[0.42, 1.07]	0.48	[0.36, 0.64]

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Population averages from multiple logistic regression using GEE estimation with robust standard errors.