Psychometric Limitations of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale for Assessing Depressive Symptoms among Adults with HIV/AIDS: A Rasch Analysis

Table 3

CES-D items demonstrating poor fit or differential item function.

	Poor item fit	DIF
(1) I was bothered by things that usually don’t bother me.
(2) I did not feel like eating; my appetite was poor.	X
(3) I felt that I could not shake off the blues even with help from my family or friends.
(4) I felt I was just as good as other people.	X
(5) I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing.
(6) I felt depressed.		Race
(7) I felt that everything I did was an effort.
(8) I felt hopeful about the future.	X	AIDS
(9) I thought my life had been a failure.
(10) I felt fearful.
(11) My sleep was restless.	X
(12) I was happy.
(13) I talked less than usual.
(14) I felt lonely.
(15) People were unfriendly.		Gender
(16) I enjoyed life.	X	Race
(17) I had crying spells.		Gender
(18) I felt sad.		Race
(19) I felt that people dislike me.		Race
(20) I could not get going.		Race

Note. Italicized items were not biased by misfit or differential item function (DIF).