Review Article
A Review of the Conceptualisation and Risk Factors Associated with Treatment-Resistant Depression
Table 2
Summary of the biological, psychological, genetic, and clinical correlates of TRD.
| | Biological | | Activation of the inflammatory system | | HPA axis disturbance | | Dysfunctional neuroanatomic circuits (particularly the default mode network) | | Abnormal neural activity | | Neurotransmitter dysfunction |
| | Clinical and psychosocial | | Melancholic features | | Frequent and recurrent episodes | | Previous nonremission or partial remission | | Long illness duration/chronicity | | Prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity | | Bipolarity features | | High number of stressful life events/trauma |
| | Genetic | | Involvement of polymorphisms in the 5-HTT promoter region (5HTTLPR) | | Interactions between BDNF and NTRK2 polymorphisms |
| | Personality | | Personality dysfunction | | High neuroticism | | Low extraversion, openness and conscientiousness | | High levels of social inhibition |
|
|
BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor; NTRK2, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor 2.
|
