Review Article

Global Estimates of the Prevalence of Depression among Prisoners: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Table 1

Characteristics of included studies on the prevalence of depression among prisoners.

Author, publication yearStudy designSample sizeMeasurementPrevalence (%) (95% CI)Response rate (%)Sampling techniqueCountry

Lisa C. Barry et al., 2015 [24]Cross-sectional167 (, )PHQ-925 (19.2-31.8)92.70%Simple RSUSA
Chen et al., 2017 [25]Cross-sectional1705 (, )BDI81.5 (80.1-83.8)96.20%MultistageChina
Osasona and Koleoso, 2015 [9]Cross-sectional323 (, )HADS72.60 (67.9-77.6)72.42%Systematic RSNigeria
Yi et al., 2017 [26]Longitudinal survey3,139 (, )CIDI11.60 (10.9-13.2)98%Purposive STUSA
Shrestha et al., 2017 [27]Cross-sectional434 (, )CESD35.3 (30.7-39.6)96.60%Simple RSNepal
Yener Unver et al., 2013 [8]Cross-sectional685 (, )DASS-4254.70 (51.3-58.7)100%ConvenienceTurkey
Beyen et al., 2017 [28]Cross-sectional649 (, )PHQ-943.80 (40.2-47.8)89.20%MultistageEthiopia
Arnal R. et al., 2018 [29]Comparative CS694 (, )DSM-IV22.80 (20.0-26.3)99.80%StratifiedFrance
Bedaso et al., 2018 [6]Cross-sectional335 (, )PHQ-956.40 (50.6-61.2)100%Simple RSEthiopia
Baier A. et al., 2016 [30]Prospective cohort79 (, )MINI44 (33.5-55.1)99%Simple RSChile
Danny J. O’Sullivan et al., 2018 [31]Cross-sectional101 (, )BDI-II37.60 (29.1-47.8)100%ConvenienceIreland
Værøy, 2011 [7]Cross-sectional26 (, )MADRS46.10 (2.3-64.8)100%Simple RSNorway
Shuford et al., 2018 [32]Longitudinal study179 (, )CESD-1083 (76.8-87.8)100%Simple RSUSA
Murdoch N. et al., 2008 [33]Population-based survey121 (, )Geriatric Depression Scale49 (40.2-57.8)99%All participantsUK
Fazel et al., 2001 [34]Cross-sectional203 (, )DSM IV29.60 (24.1-36.7)87.10%StratifiedEngland
Hamzeloo et al., 2015 [35]Cross-sectional147 (, )BDI-II40.80 (33.3-49.1)100%StratifiedIran
Andreoli SB et al., 2014 [36]Cross-sectional1809 (, )CIDI14.20 (12.5-15.7)100%StratifiedBrazil
Milena P. Pond et al., 2011 [37]Cross-sectional497 (, )MINI(Portuguese version)18.80 (15.8-22.7)100%Simple RSBrazil
Mundt AP et al., 2013 [38]Cross-sectional1008 (, )CIDI6.90 (5.6-8.7)100%Simple RSChile
Holliday et al., 2016 [39]Cross-sectional320 (, )PHQ-972.80 (67.9-77.6)100%ConvenienceUSA
Zakir Abdu et al., 2018 [40]Cross-sectional332 (, )BDI-II41.90 (36.8-47.4)99%Systematic RSEthiopia
Alemayehu et al., 2019 [5]Cross-sectional402 (, )PHQ-945.50 (41.2-50.9)95.20%Simple RSEthiopia
Palmer, Connelly, 2005 [41]Case control24 (, )BDI-II87.50 (68.2-96.2)100%PurposiveUK
Tao-Hsin Tung, 2018 [42]Survey82,650 (, )ICD-911.31 (10.8-11.2)100%PurposiveTaiwan
Edward BH et al., 2012 [42]Cross-sectional396 (, )CIDI14.30 (10.9-17.8)100%Systematic RSAustralia
Santos MM et al., 2019 [43]Cross-sectional1809 (, )CIDI21.30 (19.1-23.7)90%MultistageBrazil
Forry et al., 2019 [44]Cross-sectional414 (, )M.I.N.I-6.044 (39.2-48.9)95.60%Simple RSUganda
Stephen Allnutt, 2008 [45]Cross-sectional1322 (, )CIDI15 (13.2-17.0)100%Simple RSTAustralia
Abdulmalik et al., 2014 [46]Cross-sectional394 (, )GHQ-1220.80 (17.3-25.3)100%MultistageNigeria
Assadi et al., 2006 [51]Cross-sectional351 (, )DSM-IV29 (24.5-34.0)100%Stratified RSIran
Getaneh et al., 2019 [47]Cross-sectional400 (, )PHQ-966.50 (62.1-71.4)94.80%Simple RSEthiopia
Ayhan et al., 2017 [48]Cross-sectional707 (, )MINI14.30 (11.6-16.8)100%Systematic RSFrench